Challenging situations in partial nephrectomy.

Although most partial nephrectomies are performed as primary procedures in the elective or semi-imperative setting on kidneys with relatively normal anatomy, this is not always the case. The indications for partial nephrectomy continue to expand and it is becoming particularly relevant in patients with single functioning kidneys, poor kidney function, anatomical anomalies and hereditary syndromes predisposing to multiple kidney cancers, such as Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. These, along with previous abdominal surgery, pose surgical challenges. In this article we offer advice as to how to tackle these unusual situations. An ability to master the whole range of indications will allow the modern upper renal tract surgeon to offer partial nephrectomy to a wider range of patients.