Therapeutic Prospects of Gene Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common types of cardiac arrhythmias experienced in clinical practice, increasing the risk of stroke, dementia, myocardial infarction and death. Currently available options for the treatment of AF use either pharmacological agents or catheter-based ablation therapies to restore sinus rhythm or control the ventricular response rate. These current treatment options are suboptimal at best, motivating research into discovering more effective and innovative ways to treat AF. Gene therapy is being explored for its potential to treat various human conditions including cardiac arrhythmias. Gene transfer vectors with increasing transduction efficiency and biosafety have been developed and trialled for cardiovascular disease treatment. With an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AF, several gene therapy targets have been identified and evaluated in an attempt to rate or rhythm control the heart during AF. This review will discuss the gene therapy vectors in use today and methods for delivery of these vectors to the atrium. Further, it will evaluate several gene therapy strategies and approaches for sinus rhythm restoration and ventricular rate control that have the potential to emerge as a therapy for AF.