| Literature DB >> 27242597 |
Chantanee Mungkhetklang1, Sheila G Crewther1, Edith L Bavin1, Nahal Goharpey1, Carl Parsons2.
Abstract
Finding the most appropriate intelligence test for adolescents with Intellectual Disability (ID) is challenging given their limited language, attention, perceptual, and motor skills and ability to stay on task. The study compared performance of 23 adolescents with ID on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), one of the most widely used intelligence tests, and three non-verbal IQ tests, the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), the Test of Non-verbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition and the Wechsler Non-verbal test of Ability. Results showed that the WISC-IV Full Scale IQ raw and scaled scores were highly correlated with total scores from the three non-verbal tests, although the correlations were higher for raw scores, suggesting they may lead to better understanding of within group differences and what individuals with ID can do at the time of assessment. All participants attempted more questions on the non-verbal tests than the verbal. A preliminary analysis showed that adolescents with ID without ASD (n = 15) achieved higher scores overall than those presenting with ID+ASD (n = 8). Our findings support the view that short non-verbal tests are more likely to give a similar IQ result as obtained from the WISC-IV. In terms of the time to administer and the stress for participants, they are more appropriate for assessing adolescents with ID.Entities:
Keywords: Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices; Test of Non-verbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition; Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition; Wechsler Non-verbal Scale of Ability; adolescents; autism spectrum disorder; intellectual disability
Year: 2016 PMID: 27242597 PMCID: PMC4868842 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00683
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Front Psychol ISSN: 1664-1078
WISC-IV subtests, index structure and task demands.
| Core subtest | Similarities | Block design | Digit span | Coding |
| Vocabulary | Picture concept | Letter-number sequencing | Symbol search | |
| Comprehension | Matrix reasoning | |||
| Supplemental subtest | Information | Picture completion | Arithmetic | Cancellation |
| Word reasoning | ||||
| Task demands | Ability to listen to question, draw upon learned information from both formal and informal education, reason through an answer, and express thoughts. | Ability to examine a problem, draw upon visual-motor and visual-spatial skills, organize thoughts, create solutions, and then test them. | Ability to memorize new information, hold it in short-term memory, concentrate, and manipulate that information to produce some result or reasoning process. | Ability to focus attention and quickly scan, discriminate between and sequentially order visual information. |
Comparison of WISC-IV Scaled Scores for the norming sample and the current sample.
| BD | 4.1 (1–10) | 2.6 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 0.6 |
| SI | 3.3 (1–8) | 2.6 | 4.5 | 2.5 | 1.2 |
| DS | 4.0 (1–11) | 3.2 | 5.4 | 2.9 | 1.4 |
| PCn | 3.1 (1–10) | 2.9 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 2.0 |
| CD | 3.5 (1–8) | 2.7 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 1.2 |
| VC | 3.8 (1–8) | 2.5 | 4.9 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
| LN | 3.2 (1–8) | 2.7 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 0.9 |
| MR | 4.1 (1–10) | 2.8 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 0.3 |
| CO | 3.3 (1–7) | 2.4 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 1.5 |
| SS | 3.5 (1–11) | 3.2 | 4.8 | 2.5 | 1.3 |
| PCm | 3.8 (1–9) | 2.6 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 0.5 |
| CA | 5.1 (1–13) | 3.9 | 6.5 | 3.0 | 1.4 |
| IN | 3.4 (1–9) | 2.7 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 1.0 |
| AR | 2.1 (1–6) | 1.4 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 1.4 |
| WR | 3.5 (1–7) | 2.1 | 5.2 | 2.4 | 1.7 |
| VCI | 62.0 (45–85) | 14.5 | 69.3 | 13.2 | 7.3 |
| PRI | 61.9 (45–86) | 13.8 | 67.7 | 14.4 | 5.8 |
| WMI | 63.9 (50–97) | 14.5 | 70.2 | 13.3 | 6.3 |
| PSI | 64.6 (50–97) | 14.9 | 71.2 | 13.4 | 6.6 |
| FSIQ | 55.6 (40–79) | 13.1 | 62.9 | 12.1 | 7.3 |
BD, Block Design; SI, Similarities; PCn, Picture Concept; CD, Coding; VC, Vocabulary; LN, Letter-Number sequencing; MR, Matrices Reasoning; CO, Comprehension; SS, Symbol Search; PCm, Picture Completion; CA, Cancellation; IN, Information; AR, Arithmetic; WR, Word Reasoning; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI, Perceptual Reasoning Index; WMI, Working Memory Index; PSI, Processing Speed Index; FSIQ, Full Scale IQ.
Raw and scaled WISC-IV scores for study sample.
| BD | 20.1 (2–50) | 13.4 | 4.1 (1–10) | 2.6 |
| SI | 9.5 (0–27) | 9.6 | 3.3 (1–8) | 2.6 |
| DS | 10.1 (2–20) | 4.6 | 4.0 (1–11) | 3.2 |
| PCn | 10.1 (1–20) | 5.3 | 3.1 (1–10) | 2.9 |
| CD | 29.9 (4–57) | 15.5 | 3.5 (1–8) | 2.7 |
| VC | 20.6 (0–39) | 11.1 | 3.8 (1–8) | 2.5 |
| LN | 10.3 (0–18) | 5.1 | 3.2 (1–8) | 2.7 |
| MR | 13.6 (4–24) | 6.2 | 4.1 (1–10) | 2.8 |
| CO | 12.5 (0–24) | 8.4 | 3.3 (1–7) | 2.4 |
| SS | 14.5 (0–32) | 9.3 | 3.5 (1–11) | 3.2 |
| PCm | 17.7 (8–29) | 6.6 | 3.8 (1–9) | 2.6 |
| CA | 62.7 (12–115) | 29.4 | 5.1 (1–13) | 3.9 |
| IN | 11.9 (4–18) | 4.1 | 3.4 (1–9) | 2.7 |
| AR | 10.1 (1–20) | 5.5 | 2.1 (1–6) | 1.4 |
| WR | 9.2 (1–55) | 3.8 | 3.5 (1–7) | 2.1 |
| VCI | 42.6 (2–81) | 26.7 | 62.0 (45–85) | 14.5 |
| PRI | 43.9 (10–81) | 22.0 | 61.9 (45–86) | 13.8 |
| WMI | 20.4 (2–38) | 8.9 | 63.9 (50–97) | 14.5 |
| PSI | 44.4 (8–89) | 22.6 | 64.6 (50–97) | 14.9 |
| TS | 151.3 (30–264) | 67.6 | 55.6 (40–79) | 13.1 |
BD, Block Design; SI, Similarities; DS, Digit Span; PCn, Picture Concept; CD-B, Coding B; VC, Vocabulary; LN, Letter–Number sequencing; MR, Matrices Reasoning; CO, Comprehension; SS, Symbol Search; PCm, Picture Completion; CA, Cancellation; IN, Information; AR, Arithmetic; WR, Word Reasoning; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI, Perceptual Reasoning Index; WMI, Working Memory Index; PSI, Processing Speed Index; TS, Total Score.
Correlations of Raw and Scaled WISC–IV component scores.
| SI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PCn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| VC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| LN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PCm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| WR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| VCI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PRI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| WMI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PSI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BD, Block Design; SI, Similarities; DS, Digit Span; PCn, Picture Concept; CD, Coding; VC, Vocabulary; LN, Letter-Number sequencing; MR, Matrices Reasoning; CO, Comprehension; SS, Symbol Search; PCm, Picture Completion; CA, Cancellation; IN, Information; AR, Arithmetic; WR, Word Reasoning; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI, Perceptual Reasoning Index; WMI, Working Memory Index; PSI, Processing Speed Index; TS, Total Score.
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01.
Scores (mean and standard deviation) for three non-verbal tests in study sample.
| RCPM | 25.6 (13–34) | 7.4 | – | – |
| TONI–4 | 22.2 (9–36) | 6.9 | 83.0 (68–107) | 9.0 |
| WNV | ||||
| MA | 16.8 (5–25) | 5.1 | 38.2 (10–53) | 11.1 |
| CD–A | 36.83 (2–68) | 19.18 | – | – |
| CD–B | 25.4 (1–51) | 12.7 | 24.1 (10–42) | 11.0 |
| SS | 10.6 (3–19 | 4.8 | 37.5 (18–61) | 12.8 |
| PA | 7.8 (0–19) | 7.0 | 34.1 (10–59) | 14.6 |
| OA | 29.76 (3–50) | 13.85 | – | – |
| RC | 14.78 (8–21) | 3.79 | – | – |
| TS | 60.6 (9–105) | 27.3 | 67.8 (33–103) | 20.0 |
RCPM, Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices; TONI–4, Test of Non-verbal Intelligence–4th edition; WNV, Wechsler Non-verbal scale of ability; MA, Matrices, CD, Coding; SS, Spatial Span; PA, Picture Arrangement; OA, Object Assembly; RC, Recognition; TS, Total Score of the WNV. RCPM does not provide scaled scores. Three subtests of the WNV (Coding A, Object assembly and Recognition) were normed for young children aged 4–7 years. Our sample was aged 11–18 years.
T–scores for the TONI–4 and Standard scores for the WNV.
Correlations between raw scores on the WISC–IV components and the three non-verbal tests.
| RCPM | ||||||||||||||||||||
| TONI–4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_MA | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_CD–A | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_CD–B | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_SS | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_PA | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_OA | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_RC | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_TS–II |
BD, Block Design; SI, Similarities; DS, Digit Span; PCn, Picture Concept; CD, Coding; VC, Vocabulary; LN, Letter–Number sequencing; MR, Matrices Reasoning; CO, Comprehension; SS, Symbol Search; PCm, Picture Completion; CA, Cancellation; IN, Information; AR, Arithmetic; WR, Word Reasoning; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI, Perceptual Reasoning Index; WMI, Working Memory Index; PSI, Processing Speed Index; TS–I, Total Score of the WISC–IV; RCPM, Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices; TONI–4, Test of Non-verbal Intelligence–4th edition; WNV_MA, Matrices subtest of the WNV, WNV_CD–A, Coding A subtest of the WNV; WNV_CD–B, Coding B subtest of the WNV; WNV_SS, Spatial Span subtest of the WNV; WNV_PA, Picture Arrangement subtest of the WNV; WNV_OA, Object Assembly subtest of the WNV; WNV_RC, Recognition subtest of the WNV; WNV_TS-II, Total Score of the Wechsler Non-verbal scale of ability.
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01.
Comparison of raw scores on all tests for ID Non–ASD and ID+ASD participants.
| 24.0 (13.32) | 8.1 | 26.4 (13–34) | 7.0 | 2.4 | 48.5 | ns | 0.31 | 0.15 | |
| 21.6 (13–34) | 7.7 | 22.5 (9–36) | 6.8 | 0.9 | 54.5 | ns | 0.12 | 0.06 | |
| WNV_MA | 16.9 (5–25) | 6.8 | 16.7 (11–23) | 4.1 | 0.1 | 53.0 | ns | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| WNV_CD A | 35.75 (2–66) | 24.8 | 37.4 (9–68) | 16.4 | 1.6 | 59.0 | ns | 0.08 | 0.04 |
| WNV_CD B | 24.4 (1–42) | 16.0 | 26.0 (4–51) | 11.1 | 1.6 | 41.5 | ns | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| WNV_SS | 9.0 (3–15) | 4.3 | 11.5 (4–19) | 4.9 | 2.5 | 50.0 | ns | 0.54 | 0.26 |
| WNV_PA | 6.5 (0–14) | 5.6 | 8.5 (0–9) | 7.7 | 2.0 | 60.0 | ns | 0.29 | 0.14 |
| WNV_OA | 30.5 (9–46) | 13.6 | 29.4 (3–50) | 14.5 | 1.1 | 54.5 | ns | 0.08 | 0.04 |
| WNV_RC | 14.7 (8–18) | 4.0 | 14.9 (8–21) | 3.8 | 0.2 | 59.5 | ns | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| WVN_TS-II | 56.7 (9–90) | 32.2 | 62.7 (21–105) | 25.3 | 5.9 | 36.0 | ns | 0.21 | 0.10 |
| BD | 22.0 (2–50) | 19.0 | 19.2 (2–31) | 10.0 | 2.8 | 54.5 | ns | 0.18 | 0.09 |
| SI | 3.5 (0–27) | 9.5 | 12.7 (0–23) | 8.3 | 9.2 | 23.0 | 1.03 | 0.46 | |
| DS | 7.7 (2–15) | 4.1 | 11.5 (3–20) | 4.5 | 3.7 | 27.5 | 0.88 | 0.40 | |
| PCn | 9.0 (4–16) | 4.0 | 10.7 (1–20) | 6.0 | 1.7 | 48.5 | ns | 0.33 | 0.16 |
| CD–B | 29.1 (4–52) | 17.4 | 30.3 (6–57) | 15.0 | 1.2 | 54.0 | ns | 0.07 | 0.04 |
| VC | 10.5 (0–30) | 9.2 | 25.9 (14–39) | 7.9 | 15.4 | 11.5 | 1.79 | 0.67 | |
| LN | 6.9 (0–16) | 5.4 | 12.1 (6–18) | 4.0 | 5.2 | 26.5 | 1.09 | 0.48 | |
| MR | 14.2 (4–22) | 7.4 | 13.2 (6–24) | 5.6 | 1.0 | 53.0 | ns | 0.15 | 0.07 |
| CO | 6.9 (0–24) | 9.0 | 15.5 (1–24) | 6.6 | 8.6 | 27.0 | 1.09 | 0.48 | |
| SS | 13.7 (0–28) | 9.6 | 14.9 (1–32) | 9.8 | 1.2 | 56.5 | ns | 0.12 | 0.07 |
| PCm | 16.5 (8–29) | 7.8 | 17.2 (0–27) | 7.5 | 1.9 | 52.5 | ns | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| CA | 53.4 (12–90) | 29.0 | 63.5 (0–115) | 33.2 | 14.6 | 49.0 | ns | 0.32 | 0.16 |
| IN | 8.9 (4–16) | 3.8 | 12.7 (0–18) | 4.6 | 4.7 | 25.5 | 0.09 | 0.41 | |
| AR | 6.6 (4–17) | 4.8 | 11.3 (0–20) | 6.0 | 5.4 | 32.0 | ns | 0.86 | 0.40 |
| WR | 6.0 (1–13) | 4.1 | 10.3 (0–15) | 3.5 | 5.0 | 24.0 | 1.23 | 0.49 | |
| VCI | 20.9 (2–81) | 25.8 | 54.1 (21–80) | 19.4 | 33.2 | 18.5 | 1.45 | 0.59 | |
| PRI | 45.2 (11–81) | 27.4 | 43.1 (10–68) | 19.7 | 2.1 | 58.8 | ns | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| WMI | 14.6 (2–31) | 9.4 | 23.5 (9–38) | 7.1 | 8.9 | 26.0 | 1.07 | 0.47 | |
| PSI | 42.9 (8–74) | 22.5 | 45.3 (7–89) | 23.5 | 2.4 | 56.0 | ns | 0.10 | 0.05 |
| TS–I | 123.6 (30–240) | 71.0 | 166.1 (58–264) | 63.2 | 42.4 | 36.0 | ns | 0.63 | 0.30 |
BD, Block Design; SI, Similarities; DS, Digit Span; PCn, Picture Concept; CD, Coding; VC, Vocabulary; LN, Letter–Number sequencing; MR, Matrices Reasoning; CO, Comprehension; SS, Symbol Search; PCm; Picture Completion; CA, Cancellation; IN, Information; AR; Arithmetic; WR, Word Reasoning; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI, Perceptual Reasoning Index; WMI, Working Memory Index; PSI–Processing Speed Index; TS-I, Total Score of the WISC-IV; RCPM, Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices; TONI–4, Test of Non-verbal Intelligence–4th edition; WNV_MA, Matrices subtest of the WNV, WNV_CD–A, Coding A subtest of the WNV; WNV_CD–B, Coding B subtest of the WNV; WNV_SS, Spatial Span subtest of the WNV; WNV_PA, Picture Arrangement subtest of the WNV; WNV_OA, Object Assembly subtest of the WNV; WNV_RC, Recognition subtest of the WNV; WNV_TS-II, Total Score of the Wechsler Non-verbal scale of ability.
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01; ns, not significant.
Correlations between raw scores from each WISC–IV subtest and three non-verbal tests for the ID non–ASD (.
| RCPM | ** | * | * | ** | ** | * | ** | * | ** | * | * | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
| TONI–4 | ** | * | * | * | * | ** | * | ** | * | * | ||||||||||
| WNV_MA | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||||
| WNV_CD–A | ** | ** | * | ** | * | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | * | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | |
| WNV_CD–B | ** | * | ** | * | ** | ** | * | ** | * | ** | * | ** | * | ** | ** | |||||
| WNV_SS | ** | ** | ** | * | * | ** | * | ** | ** | * | * | ** | ** | ** | ||||||
| WNV_PA | ** | * | * | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||||
| WNV_OA | ** | ** | * | ** | * | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||||
| WNV_RC | ** | * | * | ** | ** | * | * | * | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||||
| WNV_TS–II | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | * | ** | ** |
Correlations between raw scores from each WISC–IV subtest and three non-verbal tests for the ID+ASD (.
| RCPM | ||||||||||||||||||||
| TONI–4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_MA | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_CD–A | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_CD–B | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_SS | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_PA | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_OA | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_RC | ||||||||||||||||||||
| WNV_TS–II |
BD, Block Design; SI, Similarities; DS, Digit Span; PCn, Picture Concept; CD, Coding; VC, Vocabulary; LN, Letter–Number sequencing; MR, Matrices Reasoning; CO, Comprehension; SS, Symbol Search; PCm; Picture Completion; CA, Cancellation; IN, Information; AR; Arithmetic; WR, Word Reasoning; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI, Perceptual Reasoning Index; WMI, Working Memory Index; PSI–Processing Speed Index; TS-I, Total Score of the WISC-IV; RCPM, Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices; TONI–4, Test of Non-verbal Intelligence–4th edition; WNV_MA, Matrices subtest of the WNV, WNV_CD–A, Coding A subtest of the WNV; WNV_CD–B, Coding B subtest of the WNV; WNV_SS, Spatial Span subtest of the WNV; WNV_PA, Picture Arrangement subtest of the WNV; WNV_OA, Object Assembly subtest of the WNV; WNV_RC, Recognition subtest of the WNV; WNV_TS-II, Total Score of the Wechsler Non-verbal scale of ability.
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01.