Emilie Courtois1, Stéphanie Droutman2, Jean-François Magny3, Zied Merchaoui4, Xavier Durrmeyer5, Camille Roussel6, Valérie Biran7, Sergio Eleni8, Gaëlle Vottier9, Sylvain Renolleau10, Luc Desfrere11, Florence Castela12, Nicolas Boimond13, Djamel Mellah14, Pascal Bolot15, Anne Coursol16, Dominique Brault17, Hélène Chappuy18, Patricia Cimerman19, Kanwaljeet J S Anand20, Ricardo Carbajal21. 1. Emergency Department, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France; Inserm UMR 1153 Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, France. Electronic address: emilie.courtois@trs.aphp.fr. 2. NICU, Hôpital André Grégoire, Montreuil, France. 3. NICU, Institut de puériculture et de périnatalogie, Paris, France. 4. PICU, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France. 5. Inserm UMR 1153 Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, France; NICU, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France. 6. NICU, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France. 7. NICU, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France. 8. NICU, Hôpital Louise Michel, Evry, France. 9. NICU, Hôpital Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France. 10. PICU, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France. 11. NICU, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France. 12. NICU, Intercommunal de Poissy, Poissy, France. 13. PICU, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France. 14. NICU, Centre hospitalier de Meaux, Meaux, France. 15. NICU, Centre hospitalier Delafontaine, Saint-Denis, France. 16. NICU, Centre hospitalier René Dubos, Cergy Pontoise, France. 17. NICU, Centre hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France. 18. Emergency Department, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France. 19. Centre national de ressources de lutte contre la douleur, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France. 20. Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA. 21. Emergency Department, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France; Inserm UMR 1153 Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, France; UPMC, Paris, France.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Heelstick is the most frequently performed skin-breaking procedure in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). There are no large multicenter studies describing the frequency and analgesic approaches used for heelsticks performed in NICUs. OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of heelsticks and their analgesic management in newborns in the NICU. To determine the factors associated with the lack of specific preprocedural analgesia for this procedure. DESIGN: EPIPPAIN 2 (Epidemiology of Procedural PAin In Neonates) is a descriptive prospective epidemiologic study. SETTING: All 16 NICUs in the Paris region in France. PARTICIPANTS: All newborns in the NICU with a maximum corrected age of 44 weeks +6 days of gestation on admission who had at least one heelstick during the study period were eligible for the study. The study included 562 newborns. METHODS: Data on all heelsticks and their corresponding analgesic therapies were prospectively collected. The inclusion period lasted six weeks, from June 2, 2011 to July 12, 2011. Newborns were followed from their admission to the 14th day of their NICU stay or discharge, whichever occurred first. RESULTS: The mean (SD) gestational age was 33.3 (4.4) weeks and duration of participation was 7.5 (4.4) days. The mean (SD; range) of heelsticks per neonate was 16.0 (14.4; 1-86) during the study period. Of the 8995 heelsticks studied, 2379 (26.4%) were performed with continuous analgesia, 5236 (58.2%) with specific preprocedural analgesia. Overall, 6764 (75.2%) heelsticks were performed with analgesia (continuous and/or specific). In a multivariate model, the increased lack of preprocedural analgesia was associated with female sex, term birth, high illness severity, tracheal or noninvasive ventilation, parental absence and use of continuous sedation/analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Heelstick was very frequently performed in NICUs. Although, most heelsticks were performed with analgesia, this was not systematic. The high frequency of this procedure and the known adverse effects of repetitive pain in neonates should encourage the search of safe and effective strategies to reduce their number.
BACKGROUND: Heelstick is the most frequently performed skin-breaking procedure in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). There are no large multicenter studies describing the frequency and analgesic approaches used for heelsticks performed in NICUs. OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of heelsticks and their analgesic management in newborns in the NICU. To determine the factors associated with the lack of specific preprocedural analgesia for this procedure. DESIGN: EPIPPAIN 2 (Epidemiology of Procedural PAin In Neonates) is a descriptive prospective epidemiologic study. SETTING: All 16 NICUs in the Paris region in France. PARTICIPANTS: All newborns in the NICU with a maximum corrected age of 44 weeks +6 days of gestation on admission who had at least one heelstick during the study period were eligible for the study. The study included 562 newborns. METHODS: Data on all heelsticks and their corresponding analgesic therapies were prospectively collected. The inclusion period lasted six weeks, from June 2, 2011 to July 12, 2011. Newborns were followed from their admission to the 14th day of their NICU stay or discharge, whichever occurred first. RESULTS: The mean (SD) gestational age was 33.3 (4.4) weeks and duration of participation was 7.5 (4.4) days. The mean (SD; range) of heelsticks per neonate was 16.0 (14.4; 1-86) during the study period. Of the 8995 heelsticks studied, 2379 (26.4%) were performed with continuous analgesia, 5236 (58.2%) with specific preprocedural analgesia. Overall, 6764 (75.2%) heelsticks were performed with analgesia (continuous and/or specific). In a multivariate model, the increased lack of preprocedural analgesia was associated with female sex, term birth, high illness severity, tracheal or noninvasive ventilation, parental absence and use of continuous sedation/analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Heelstick was very frequently performed in NICUs. Although, most heelsticks were performed with analgesia, this was not systematic. The high frequency of this procedure and the known adverse effects of repetitive pain in neonates should encourage the search of safe and effective strategies to reduce their number.
Authors: S M Walker; A Melbourne; H O'Reilly; J Beckmann; Z Eaton-Rosen; S Ourselin; N Marlow Journal: Br J Anaesth Date: 2018-06-19 Impact factor: 9.166