Yekti Widodo1,2, Sandjaja Sandjaja3,4, Edith Sumedi1,5, Ilse Khouw6, Paul Deurenberg7. 1. SEANUTS Indonesian Team, PERSAGI, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2. Center of Public Health Intervention Technology, NIHRD, MoH, Indonesia. 3. SEANUTS Indonesian Team, PERSAGI, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia. Email: san_gizi@yahoo.com; paul.deurenberg@gmail.com. 4. Center of Applied Health Technology and Clinical Epidemiology, NIHRD, MoH, Indonesia. 5. Division of Nutrition, Polytechnic of Health Jakarta II, MoH, Indonesia. 6. FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, the Netherlands. 7. Nutrition Consultant, Langkawi, Malaysia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To study the associations between nutrient intake, dairy intake and socioeconomic variables. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Food consumption data using 24 h recall were collected in 3600 children, aged 0.5 to 12 years old in addition to frequency of dairy use and anthropometric and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Overall height for age Z-score (HAZ) and body mass index for age Z-score (BAZ) values (mean±SE) were -1.40±0.03 and -0.48±0.03 respectively, associated with a high prevalence of stunting and thinness in the population. The overall percentage of children not using any dairy products was 71%, and this percentage increased steadily with age. The overall energy intake from dairy was 99±3 kcal/capita/day and the overall energy intake from dairy in dairy users was 291±7 kcal/day. Dairy use did not differ between boys and girls, but was higher in urban areas, higher if the education of the mother was higher and higher if the mother had a permanent job and if the wealth status of the family was in the upper levels. Nutrient intake after the age of 3 years was inadequate for energy and all nutrients except for protein. The achievement of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for all nutrients was higher in dairy users compared to non-dairy users, also after correcting for the confounding effect of the higher energy intake (from dairy) and socio-demographic variables. The contribution increased with increasing frequency of dairy use. CONCLUSION: Adequate dairy intake can substantially add to the achievement of RDA in Indonesian children.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To study the associations between nutrient intake, dairy intake and socioeconomic variables. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Food consumption data using 24 h recall were collected in 3600 children, aged 0.5 to 12 years old in addition to frequency of dairy use and anthropometric and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Overall height for age Z-score (HAZ) and body mass index for age Z-score (BAZ) values (mean±SE) were -1.40±0.03 and -0.48±0.03 respectively, associated with a high prevalence of stunting and thinness in the population. The overall percentage of children not using any dairy products was 71%, and this percentage increased steadily with age. The overall energy intake from dairy was 99±3 kcal/capita/day and the overall energy intake from dairy in dairy users was 291±7 kcal/day. Dairy use did not differ between boys and girls, but was higher in urban areas, higher if the education of the mother was higher and higher if the mother had a permanent job and if the wealth status of the family was in the upper levels. Nutrient intake after the age of 3 years was inadequate for energy and all nutrients except for protein. The achievement of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for all nutrients was higher in dairy users compared to non-dairy users, also after correcting for the confounding effect of the higher energy intake (from dairy) and socio-demographic variables. The contribution increased with increasing frequency of dairy use. CONCLUSION: Adequate dairy intake can substantially add to the achievement of RDA in Indonesian children.