Incidentally Solitary, Synchronous, Metastatic Left Adrenal Mass From Colon Cancer.

The authors report the case of a 63-year-old man who underwent an open adrenalectomy for a synchronous, malignant, metastatic left adrenal tumor and a total colectomy for T3N0M1 (stage 4) primary, malignant colon cancer. Two polypoid lesions, one measuring 40 mm × 30 mm × 30 mm and the other measuring 20 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm, were found in the ascending colon and rectosigmoid (RS) junction, respectively, and a synchronous, malignant, left adrenal gland lesion measuring 70 mm × 50 mm × 30 mm was incidentally found on abdominal computed tomography scan. Histological examination revealed a metastatic, necrotic adenocarcinoma of the left adrenal mass, an adenocarcinoma of the cecal mass, and an adenomatous polyp (tubulovillous type) of the smallest polypoid lesion in RS junction that had invaded deeply into the submucosal layer. The patient recovered uneventfully, and his condition is now stable, with no evidence of local recurrence or metastatic disease, 2 years after the surgery. To the best of our knowledge, only 25 cases of an adrenalectomy for treating metastatic adrenal gland tumors have been reported to date; physicians should be aware of the possibility of this event.

INTRODUCTION

Adrenal metastasis most commonly occurs in patients with lung and breast cancer, and its metastasis from colorectal cancer (CRC) has generally been established to be rare [12]. Adrenal metastases are considered to be the result of a haematogenous spread of the primary carcinoma from CRC and to be unsuitable for surgical resection. Surgical treatment of the implicated adrenal gland did not seem not to offer a survival advantage for this patient while chemoradiotherapy had poor results [2]. The case of a patient who underwent an open resection of a synchronous left adrenal metastasis from colon cancer and a total colectomy at the same time is reported. This case is an unusual case of left adrenal metastasis occurring during colon-cancer management, which had been successful.

CASE REPORT

A 63-year-old man, known to be on oral medication for diabetes mellitus, was referred to the Colorectal Clinic of Academic Hospital (Emam Khomeini Hospital) with complaints of having had abdominal pain, rectoragy and constipation during the four months prior to the visit. The patient stated that the pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen had started gradually and radiated to the epigastric area, finally changing to a constant, non.position-specific pain one month earlier. The patient had lost 10 kg of weight during a short time (3 months) and had experienced gross rectal bleeding and constipation during that same period. Upon physical examination, the patient had normal vital signs and no sign of lymphadenopathy; chest, lung and heart examinations were normal. However, an abdominal examination revealed a soft, tender right lower quadrant with no palpable mass; the digital rectal examination was normal. The patient had no symptoms such as sweating, headache, paroxysmal hypertension, arrhythmias, palpitations, central obesity, thin extremities, supraclavicular fat, proximal muscle weakness, moon face, hypertension, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia, abdominal striae, metabolic alkalosis, skin thinning, hypokalemia, easy bruising, osteopenia, and poor wound healing. Laboratory testing showed a normal white blood count, normal differential counts and anemia (hemoglobin, 7 g/dL). Fasting blood sugar was 127 mg/dL, serum creatinin was 0.7 mg/dL, and serum electrolytes were normal. Liver function tests were normal, as were other laboratory tests, including electrolytes; the results from the zrinalysis were normal. The serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was increased to 33.5 ng/mL (normal value, <5 ng/mL). Colonoscopy had shown one large pedunculated polyp in the RS junction and another giant circumferential tumor in the ascending colon. A polypectomy and a biopsy were performed, and the histopathology report confirmed the presence of both a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma arising in a tubulo-villous adenoma of the RS junction mass with invasion into the deep submucosal layer and an adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon mass (Fig. 1). The presence of a solitary lesion in the left adrenal gland measuring 70 mm × 50 mm × 30 mm was incidentally detected on an abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan (Fig. 2). Laboratory testing showed normal urine vanillylmandelic acid and serum metanephrine excretion. Therefore, an open left adrenalectomy and a total colectomy were performed simultaneously (Fig. 3).

Fig. 1

(A) Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma arising in a tubulo-villous adenoma of the rectosigmoid junction with invasion into the deep submucosal layer (H&E, ×100). (B) Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon according to the mass's pathology (H&E, ×100).

Fig. 2

(A) An abdominal computed tomogram demonstrated a 70 × 50 × 30-mm mass in the left adrenal gland (The Black arrow showed left adrenal mass). (B) An early-phase dynamic adrenal gland computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a nonenhanced left adrenal mass. (C) A late-phase dynamic adrenal gland CT demonstrated a nonenhanced left adrenal mass.

Fig. 3

(A) Total colectomy product. The black arrow points to the mass in the ascending colon. (B) Postoperative aspect of the left-side adrenal tumor.

Exploration of the abdomen showed the presences of no other metastatic lesions. Postoperative histological examination revealed a metastatic necrotic adenocarcinoma of the left adrenal mass (Fig. 4; yellowish, necrotic and soft, neoplastic-like tissue, with a definitive histology classified as adrenal metastasis from an intestinal adenocarcinoma), a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon mass, and an adenomatous polyp (tubulovillous type) of the smallest polypoid lesion in the RS junction with invasion into the deep mucosal layer. A cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFOX (folinic acid, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin) was administrated. The patient was enrolled in a follow-up program, in which the serum CEA level would be determined at each follow-up visit for at least the first three years and CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis would be performed annually for at least three years. The postoperative course of the patient is still stable 2 years after surgery, and no evidence of local recurrence or metastatic disease has been seen. At the time of this report, the patient has survived for 48 months and is asymptomatic and in stable condition. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review from the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Fig. 4

Phathologic finding of metastatic adrenal cancer (H&E, ×100).

DISCUSSION

The most common sites of colorectal metastasis are the liver and the lungs. An adrenal metastasis from a colorectal carcinoma is not a rare event, and its incidence ranges from 1.9% to 17.4% in autopsy studies [3456]. The most common primary tumors responsible for adrenal metastasis are breast, lung and kidney carcinomas. Adrenal metastasis from CRC has been suggested to proceed via a haematogenous route [7], and a curative resection of a adrenal metastasis from CRC is possible [8910]. According to conventional wisdom, a lone adrenal metastasis should be resected to achieve a good prognosis, even though the incidence of such a resectable mass is low [1112]. The use of a laparoscopic adrenalectomy for the treatment of large, malignant adrenal tumors is a subject of controversy [13].

The possibility of adrenal metastasis is important to consider in patients who have CRC. Although the prognosis for a patient with adrenal metastasis is poor, the adrenal metastasis should be completely removed if a better prognosis is to be achieved. Radiological modalities, such as ultrasonography (US) and CT, as well as the serum CEA level, are commonly used for the early detection of adrenal metastasis.

In the majority of cases, with an 18-month median follow-up (range, 1–108 months), the average postoperative survival is about 21 months, with a 5-year survival rate of 24%, and the average disease-free survival rate is 11%, with a 5-year survival rate of 21% [14].

Adrenal metastasis from CRC is not rare; however, a solitary synchronous metastasis is extremely rarely. A left-sided adrenal mass with inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus is an uncommon presentation for this malignancy. As surgical (laparoscopic or open) treatment of the metastatic lesion could advance a patient's prognosis, the possibility of synchronous adrenal metastasis should be kept in mind when CRC patients are being diagnosed. Moreover, no surgical treatment that can be safely performed by an experienced surgeon should be overlooked. We suggest neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage-3 and -4 colon cancer who have adrenal or other organ metastasis, especially those who do not present with anemia, Gastrointestinal bleeding or obstruction. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) or radiologically confirmed synchronous adrenal metastases could resected in laparoscopic or open procedure. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and salvage surgery is recommended if the adrenal mass has invaded adjuvant organs or IVC thrombus has been.

In conclusion, the presence of a left-side, synchronous, solitary adrenal metastasis from CRC, as described in our case, is either very rare [15] or such cases have gone unreported. For early detection of an adrenal metastasis, preoperative radiological modalities, such as US and CT, as well as the determination of the serum CEA level, should normally be done. Definitely, a follow-up program, including a measurement of the CEA level at each follow-up visit for at least the first three years and annual CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis for at least three years, is needed.

In conclusion, for a better prognosis, the authors suggest the use of an open adrenalectomy for treating patients with CRC who were found during a colectomy to have malignant-like large adrenal metastasis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of synchronous, left adrenal cancer metastasizing from colon cancer. This rare event has not been described previously, so colorectal surgeons should be aware of the possibility of this complication. The authors suggest that synchronous, metastatic left adrenal mass from colon cancer should be compared with other similar experiences.