Baona Liu1, Liqing Du1, Chang Xu1, Yan Wang1, Qin Wang1, Zhiyi Song2, Xiaohui Sun1, Jinhan Wang1, Qiang Liu1. 1. Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Lab of Radiation and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin 300192, China. 2. Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin 300120, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The curative effect of radiotherapy may be limited by the radioresistance of tumor. Mimetic compounds of Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) were hopeful to become new drugs of radiosensitization for tumor because they can increase radiation induced apoptosis in tumor cells. The aim of present study is to observe the radiosensitization effect of a new Smac mimetic ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide in H460 cell line. METHODS: In order to observe if the fusion peptide can enter into tumor cell, ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide was synthesized and linked by FITC. H460 cell was divided into control, radiation only, ANTP-SmacN7 only and ANTP-SmacN7 combined with radiation group. The cells were exposed by 0, 2, 4 and 6 Gy and the concentration of ANTP-SmacN7 was 20 μmol/L. Proliferation of H460 tumor cell was detected by WST-1 assay. There are four groups in the present study: control group, radiation group, ANTP-SmacN7 group and ANTP-SmacN7 combined with radiation group. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry at 24 and 48 hours after the treatment of all the groups. The level of caspase3 and cleaved caspase3 were detected by Western blot assay. RESULTS: ANTP-SmacN7 can enter into cells and promote the radiosensitization of H460 cell obviously (F=25.1, P<0.01, sensitivity enhancement ratio was 1.86). The treatment of ANTP-SmacN7 combined with radiation decreased the cloning forming efficiency (χ2=45.2, P<0.01; χ2=40.3, P<0.01), activated caspase3 by promoting the expression of cleaved caspase3 and increased the apoptosis of H460 cell line. CONCLUSIONS: ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide had remarkably radiosensitization effect on H460 cell line. ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide might be hopeful to be applied in radiosensitization therapy as a new Smac mimetic polypeptide in the future.
BACKGROUND: The curative effect of radiotherapy may be limited by the radioresistance of tumor. Mimetic compounds of Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) were hopeful to become new drugs of radiosensitization for tumor because they can increase radiation induced apoptosis in tumor cells. The aim of present study is to observe the radiosensitization effect of a new Smac mimetic ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide in H460 cell line. METHODS: In order to observe if the fusion peptide can enter into tumor cell, ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide was synthesized and linked by FITC. H460 cell was divided into control, radiation only, ANTP-SmacN7 only and ANTP-SmacN7 combined with radiation group. The cells were exposed by 0, 2, 4 and 6 Gy and the concentration of ANTP-SmacN7 was 20 μmol/L. Proliferation of H460tumor cell was detected by WST-1 assay. There are four groups in the present study: control group, radiation group, ANTP-SmacN7 group and ANTP-SmacN7 combined with radiation group. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry at 24 and 48 hours after the treatment of all the groups. The level of caspase3 and cleaved caspase3 were detected by Western blot assay. RESULTS:ANTP-SmacN7 can enter into cells and promote the radiosensitization of H460 cell obviously (F=25.1, P<0.01, sensitivity enhancement ratio was 1.86). The treatment of ANTP-SmacN7 combined with radiation decreased the cloning forming efficiency (χ2=45.2, P<0.01; χ2=40.3, P<0.01), activated caspase3 by promoting the expression of cleaved caspase3 and increased the apoptosis of H460 cell line. CONCLUSIONS:ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide had remarkably radiosensitization effect on H460 cell line. ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide might be hopeful to be applied in radiosensitization therapy as a new Smac mimetic polypeptide in the future.
放射治疗在肿瘤治疗中的作用和地位日益突出,已成为治疗恶性肿瘤的主要手段之一。然而,肿瘤细胞在放疗过程中的辐射耐受成为限制放疗疗效的主要问题。因此,肿瘤细胞的辐射增敏研究成为近年来的研究热点。第二个线粒体衍生的半胱氨酸蛋白酶激活剂(Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase, Smac)作为一种促凋亡蛋白[,当受到凋亡诱导因子(抗癌药物、电离辐射、紫外线、化学信号和DNA损伤等)的作用时,可以和其他线粒体蛋白如细胞色素-c等穿过线粒体膜释放至胞浆中,参与凋亡调节[。Smac是目前发现的唯一一种在哺乳动物体内能直接抑制凋亡抑制蛋白(inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, IAPs)的分子[,Smac氨基端的7个氨基酸残基SmacN7是Smac蛋白中最小的活性单位,能够抑制IAPs发挥辐射增敏作用,但SmacN7无法顺利进入细胞[。研究[表明,果蝇Antennapedia蛋白(ANTP)同源结构域的第三个α螺旋(43-58之间的16个氨基酸残基)是具有转导功能的最小蛋白区域,不依赖于受体、通道、能量及胞吞作用,可以直接作用于脂质双分子层完成跨膜运动而进入细胞。因此,我们选择ANTP蛋白作为引导肽,合成ANTP-SmacN7融合肽,借助引导肽的作用,把SmacN7引导进入细胞,使其发挥辐射增敏作用。
ANTP-SmacN7 enter into tumor cells. A: DAPI control group (location of cell nucleus); B: FITC-ANTP-SmacN7 group (ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide entered into the cells). DAPI colored (blue) cells were living cells, FITC colored (green) cells showed the peptide entered into the tumor cells
ANTP-SmacN7进入细胞。A:DAPI对照组(进行细胞核定位);B:FITC-ANTP-SmacN7组(融合肽进入细胞)。DAPI着色(蓝色)的细胞为活细胞,FITC着色(绿色)的细胞为多肽进入细胞。ANTP-SmacN7 enter into tumor cells. A: DAPI control group (location of cell nucleus); B: FITC-ANTP-SmacN7 group (ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide entered into the cells). DAPI colored (blue) cells were living cells, FITC colored (green) cells showed the peptide entered into the tumor cells
ANTP-SmacN7对H460细胞系的辐射增敏作用
取对数生长期H460细胞分为单纯照射组和照射联合ANTP-SmacN7组,单纯照射组给予0 Gy、2 Gy、4 Gy、6 Gy照射,照射联合ANTP-SmacN7组中ANTP-SmacN7的浓度为20 μmol/L[,ANTP-SmacN7能够增强H460细胞的辐射敏感性(F=25.1, P < 0.01),照射联合融合肽组的克隆形成率明显降低,联合组分别与ANTP-SmacN7组和单纯照射组相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.2, P < 0.01; χ2=40.3, P < 0.01)。照射+ANTP-SmacN7组和照射组的D0值分别为9.61和17.87,SER为1.86。由图 2可见,ANTP-SmacN7融合肽联合照射时发挥了辐射增敏作用。
ANTP-SmacN7 increased the radiosensitivity of H460 cell line. A: Survival fraction of radiation and radiation+ANTP-SmacN7 group. The radiosensitivity of H460 cells were increased by ANTP-SmacN7, SER was 1.86; B: Clone forming assay, 1: Control group, 2: Radiation group, 3: ANTP-SmacN7 group, 4: Radiation+ANTP-SmacN7 group; C: Clone forming efficiency of the four groups accordingly. **P < 0.01
ANTP-SmacN7提高H460细胞的辐射敏感性。A:单纯照射组和联合组的存活分数,可见ANTP-SmacN7提高H460细胞的辐射敏感性,增敏比为1.86;B:克隆形成实验,1:未处理组;2:单纯照射组;3:ANTP-SmacN7组;4:照射+ANTP-SmacN7组;C:对应各组的克隆形成率。**P < 0.01ANTP-SmacN7 increased the radiosensitivity of H460 cell line. A: Survival fraction of radiation and radiation+ANTP-SmacN7 group. The radiosensitivity of H460 cells were increased by ANTP-SmacN7, SER was 1.86; B: Clone forming assay, 1: Control group, 2: Radiation group, 3: ANTP-SmacN7 group, 4: Radiation+ANTP-SmacN7 group; C: Clone forming efficiency of the four groups accordingly. **P < 0.01
ANTP-SmacN7融合肽的促凋亡作用
图 3显示H460细胞在24 h和48 h的细胞凋亡水平,联合组分别与ANTP-SmacN7组和单纯照射组相比,差异有统计学意义(24 h: F=42.3, P < 0.01; F =31.5, P < 0.01; 48 h: F=49.2, P < 0.01; F=35.6, P < 0.01)。ANTP-SmacN7单独作用时对细胞的凋亡作用不是很明显,随着时间的增加引起48 h的凋亡率比24 h的凋亡率有微小增加,照射组也出现随时间增加的凋亡。在联合组,ANTP-SmacN7的促凋亡作用在辐射的基础上明显增高。这个结果也进一步证实了ANTP-SmacN7有明显的辐射增敏作用。由图 3B可见,联合组的cleaved caspase3明显增加,表明ANTP-SmacN7联合照射促进了caspase3的活化。
Effect on apoptosis and caspase3 expressions in H460 cells by ANTP-SmacN7. A: Apoptosis of the four groups at 24 h and 48 h after treatment; B: The expression of caspase3 and cleaved caspase3 (C-Caspase3). 1: Control group, 2: Radiation group, 3: ANTP-SmacN7 group, 4: Radiation+ANTP-SmacN7 group; C: Apoptosis of different group at 24 h after treatment for H460 cell line. a: Control group, b: Radiation group, c: ANTP-SmacN7 group, d: Radiation+ANTP-SmacN7 group. **P < 0.01;n=3
ANTP-SmacN7对H460细胞凋亡及caspase3表达量的影响。A:各组细胞在处理后24 h和48 h的细胞凋亡率;B:各组细胞caspase3和cleaved caspase3(C-Caspase3)表达量的变化。1-4依次为:对照组、ANTP-SmacN7组、单纯照射组和ANTP-SmacN7联合照射组;C:H460细胞在不同处理后24 h的细胞凋亡。a:对照组;b:ANTP-SmacN7处理组;c:照射组;d:ANTP-SmacN7联合照射组。**P < 0.01;n=3Effect on apoptosis and caspase3 expressions in H460 cells by ANTP-SmacN7. A: Apoptosis of the four groups at 24 h and 48 h after treatment; B: The expression of caspase3 and cleaved caspase3 (C-Caspase3). 1: Control group, 2: Radiation group, 3: ANTP-SmacN7 group, 4: Radiation+ANTP-SmacN7 group; C: Apoptosis of different group at 24 h after treatment for H460 cell line. a: Control group, b: Radiation group, c: ANTP-SmacN7 group, d: Radiation+ANTP-SmacN7 group. **P < 0.01;n=3
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