Laia Font-Ribera1, Manolis Kogevinas1, Christina Schmalz2, Christian Zwiener2, Esther Marco3, Joan O Grimalt3, Jiaqi Liu4, Xiangru Zhang4, William Mitch5, Rossana Critelli6, Alessio Naccarati6, Dick Heederik7, Jack Spithoven7, Lourdes Arjona8, Jeroen de Bont8, Esther Gracia-Lavedan8, Cristina M Villanueva9. 1. ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain. 2. University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. 3. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. 4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China. 5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. 6. Human Genetics Fundation (HuGEF), Torino, Italy. 7. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, The Netherlands. 8. ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain. 9. ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: cvillanueva@creal.cat.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine are internal dose biomarkers of exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools. OBJECTIVE: We assessed how these biomarkers reflect the levels of a battery of DBPs in pool water and trichloramine in air, and evaluated personal determinants. METHODS: A total of 116 adults swam during 40min in a chlorinated indoor pool. We measured chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in exhaled breath and TCAA in urine before and after swimming, trichloramine in air and several DBPs in water. Personal determinants included sex, age, body mass index (BMI), distance swum, energy expenditure, heart rate and 12 polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTZ1 and CYP2E1 genes. RESULTS: Median level of exhaled total THMs and creatinine adjusted urine TCAA increased from 0.5 to 14.4µg/m(3) and from 2.5 to 5.8µmol/mol after swimming, respectively. The increase in exhaled brominated THMs was correlated with brominated THMs, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloramines, total organic carbon and total organic halogen in water and trichloramine in air. Such correlations were not detected for exhaled chloroform, total THMs or urine TCAA. Exhaled THM increased more in men, urine TCAA increased more in women, and both were affected by exercise intensity. Genetic variants were associated with differential increases in exposure biomarkers. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that, although affected by sex, physical activity and polymorphisms in key metabolizing enzymes, brominated THMs in exhaled breath could be used as a non-invasive DBP exposure biomarker in swimming pools with bromide-containing source waters. This warrants confirmation with new studies.
BACKGROUND:Trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine are internal dose biomarkers of exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools. OBJECTIVE: We assessed how these biomarkers reflect the levels of a battery of DBPs in pool water and trichloramine in air, and evaluated personal determinants. METHODS: A total of 116 adults swam during 40min in a chlorinated indoor pool. We measured chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in exhaled breath and TCAA in urine before and after swimming, trichloramine in air and several DBPs in water. Personal determinants included sex, age, body mass index (BMI), distance swum, energy expenditure, heart rate and 12 polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTZ1 and CYP2E1 genes. RESULTS: Median level of exhaled total THMs and creatinine adjusted urine TCAA increased from 0.5 to 14.4µg/m(3) and from 2.5 to 5.8µmol/mol after swimming, respectively. The increase in exhaled brominated THMs was correlated with brominated THMs, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloramines, total organic carbon and total organic halogen in water and trichloramine in air. Such correlations were not detected for exhaled chloroform, total THMs or urine TCAA. Exhaled THM increased more in men, urine TCAA increased more in women, and both were affected by exercise intensity. Genetic variants were associated with differential increases in exposure biomarkers. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that, although affected by sex, physical activity and polymorphisms in key metabolizing enzymes, brominated THMs in exhaled breath could be used as a non-invasive DBP exposure biomarker in swimming pools with bromide-containing source waters. This warrants confirmation with new studies.
Authors: Rhys A A Carter; Sébastien Allard; Jean-Philippe Croué; Cynthia A Joll Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Date: 2019-08-07 Impact factor: 4.223
Authors: Karin van Veldhoven; Pekka Keski-Rahkonen; Dinesh K Barupal; Cristina M Villanueva; Laia Font-Ribera; Augustin Scalbert; Barbara Bodinier; Joan O Grimalt; Christian Zwiener; Jelle Vlaanderen; Lützen Portengen; Roel Vermeulen; Paolo Vineis; Marc Chadeau-Hyam; Manolis Kogevinas Journal: Environ Int Date: 2017-11-24 Impact factor: 9.621
Authors: Pooja Jain; Paolo Vineis; Benoît Liquet; Jelle Vlaanderen; Barbara Bodinier; Karin van Veldhoven; Manolis Kogevinas; Toby J Athersuch; Laia Font-Ribera; Cristina M Villanueva; Roel Vermeulen; Marc Chadeau-Hyam Journal: J Epidemiol Community Health Date: 2018-03-21 Impact factor: 3.710