D Gruszfeld1, M Weber2, K Gradowska3, P Socha3, V Grote2, A Xhonneux4, E Dain5, E Verduci6, E Riva6, R Closa-Monasterolo7, J Escribano7, B Koletzko2. 1. Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: d.gruszfeld@czd.pl. 2. Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany. 3. Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland. 4. CHC Saint Vincent, Liège-Rocourt, Belgium. 5. University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola, ULB, Brussels, Belgium. 6. San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy. 7. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The double-blind randomized European Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) demonstrated that reduced protein content in infant formula leads to a lower body mass index (BMI) up to six years of age. Here we aimed at assessing pre-peritoneal fat, a marker of visceral fat, in children participating in the CHOP trial. METHODS AND RESULTS:Healthy term formula-fed infants in five European countries were randomized either to higher (n = 550) or lower (n = 540) protein formulas in the first year of life. Infants who were exclusively breastfed for at least three months (n = 588) were enrolled as an observational (non randomized) group. At age 5 years, subcutaneous fat (SC) and pre-peritoneal fat (PP) were measured by ultrasound in a subgroup of 275 children. The PP fat layer was thicker in the higher compared to the lower protein group (adjusted estimated difference: 0.058 cm, 95%CI 0.002; 0.115; p = 0.043), while SC fat was not different. Girls showed a thicker SC fat layer than boys. CONCLUSIONS: Higher protein intake in formula-fed infants appears to enhance pre-peritoneal fat tissue accumulation at the age of 5 years, but not of subcutaneous fat, which may trigger adverse metabolic and health consequences.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The double-blind randomized European Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) demonstrated that reduced protein content in infant formula leads to a lower body mass index (BMI) up to six years of age. Here we aimed at assessing pre-peritoneal fat, a marker of visceral fat, in children participating in the CHOP trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: Healthy term formula-fed infants in five European countries were randomized either to higher (n = 550) or lower (n = 540) protein formulas in the first year of life. Infants who were exclusively breastfed for at least three months (n = 588) were enrolled as an observational (non randomized) group. At age 5 years, subcutaneous fat (SC) and pre-peritoneal fat (PP) were measured by ultrasound in a subgroup of 275 children. The PP fat layer was thicker in the higher compared to the lower protein group (adjusted estimated difference: 0.058 cm, 95%CI 0.002; 0.115; p = 0.043), while SC fat was not different. Girls showed a thicker SC fat layer than boys. CONCLUSIONS: Higher protein intake in formula-fed infants appears to enhance pre-peritoneal fat tissue accumulation at the age of 5 years, but not of subcutaneous fat, which may trigger adverse metabolic and health consequences.
Authors: Berthold Koletzko; K M Godfrey; Lucilla Poston; Hania Szajewska; Johannes B van Goudoever; Marita de Waard; Brigitte Brands; Rosalie M Grivell; Andrea R Deussen; Jodie M Dodd; Bernadeta Patro-Golab; Bartlomiej M Zalewski Journal: Ann Nutr Metab Date: 2019-01-23 Impact factor: 3.374
Authors: Stefanie M P Kouwenhoven; Manja Fleddermann; Martijn J J Finken; Jos W R Twisk; Eline M van der Beek; Marieke Abrahamse-Berkeveld; Bert J M van de Heijning; Dewi van Harskamp; Johannes B van Goudoever; Berthold V Koletzko Journal: Nutrients Date: 2021-04-01 Impact factor: 5.717