Samuel T Nemanich1, Gammon M Earhart2. 1. Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave., Campus Box 8502, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. 2. Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave., Campus Box 8502, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: earhartg@wustl.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Freezing of gait (FOG) is a locomotor disturbance in Parkinson disease (PD) related to impaired motor automaticity. In this study, we investigated the impact of freezing on automaticity in the oculomotor system using an anti-saccade paradigm. METHODS: Subjects with PD with (PD-FOG, n=13) and without (PD-NON, n=13) FOG, and healthy age-matched controls (CTRL, n=12) completed automatic pro-saccades and non-automatic anti-saccades. Primary outcomes were saccade latency, velocity, and gain. RESULTS: PD-FOG (pro-saccade latency=271ms, anti-saccade latency=412ms) were slower to execute both types of saccades compared to PD-NON (253ms, 330ms) and CTRL (246ms, 327ms). Saccade velocity and gain variability was also increased in PD-FOG. CONCLUSIONS: Saccade performance was affected in PD-FOG for both types of saccades, indicating differences in automaticity and control in the oculomotor system related to freezing. SIGNIFICANCE: These results and others show that FOG impacts non-gait motor functions, suggesting global motor impairment in PD-FOG.
OBJECTIVE: Freezing of gait (FOG) is a locomotor disturbance in Parkinson disease (PD) related to impaired motor automaticity. In this study, we investigated the impact of freezing on automaticity in the oculomotor system using an anti-saccade paradigm. METHODS: Subjects with PD with (PD-FOG, n=13) and without (PD-NON, n=13) FOG, and healthy age-matched controls (CTRL, n=12) completed automatic pro-saccades and non-automatic anti-saccades. Primary outcomes were saccade latency, velocity, and gain. RESULTS:PD-FOG (pro-saccade latency=271ms, anti-saccade latency=412ms) were slower to execute both types of saccades compared to PD-NON (253ms, 330ms) and CTRL (246ms, 327ms). Saccade velocity and gain variability was also increased in PD-FOG. CONCLUSIONS: Saccade performance was affected in PD-FOG for both types of saccades, indicating differences in automaticity and control in the oculomotor system related to freezing. SIGNIFICANCE: These results and others show that FOG impacts non-gait motor functions, suggesting global motor impairment in PD-FOG.
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