Ali H Mokdad1, Mohammad Hossein Forouzanfar2, Farah Daoud2, Arwa A Mokdad2, Charbel El Bcheraoui2, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh3, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu2, Ryan M Barber2, Joseph Wagner2, Kelly Cercy2, Hannah Kravitz2, Megan Coggeshall2, Adrienne Chew2, Kevin F O'Rourke2, Caitlyn Steiner2, Marwa Tuffaha2, Raghid Charara2, Essam Abdullah Al-Ghamdi4, Yaser Adi4, Rima A Afifi5, Hanan Alahmadi6, Fadia AlBuhairan7, Nicholas Allen8, Mohammad AlMazroa4, Abdulwahab A Al-Nehmi9, Zulfa AlRayess4, Monika Arora10, Peter Azzopardi11, Carmen Barroso12, Mohammed Basulaiman4, Zulfiqar A Bhutta13, Chris Bonell14, Cecilia Breinbauer15, Louisa Degenhardt16, Donna Denno17, Jing Fang18, Adesegun Fatusi19, Andrea B Feigl20, Ritsuko Kakuma21, Nadim Karam22, Elissa Kennedy23, Tawfik A M Khoja24, Fadi Maalouf25, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer26, Amitabh Mattoo27, Terry McGovern28, Ziad A Memish29, George A Mensah30, Vikram Patel31, Suzanne Petroni32, Nicola Reavley33, Diego Rios Zertuche34, Mohammad Saeedi4, John Santelli28, Susan M Sawyer35, Fred Ssewamala36, Kikelomo Taiwo37, Muhammad Tantawy4, Russell M Viner38, Jane Waldfogel39, Maria Paola Zuñiga34, Mohsen Naghavi2, Haidong Wang2, Theo Vos2, Alan D Lopez40, Abdullah A Al Rabeeah4, George C Patton35, Christopher J L Murray2. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: mokdaa@uw.edu. 2. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 3. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Community Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 5. Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. 6. Institute of Public Administration, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 7. King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 8. Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. 9. Ministry of Health, Sana'a, Yemen. 10. Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi, India. 11. Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. 12. International Planned Parenthood Federation, New York, NY, USA. 13. Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. 14. Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK. 15. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 16. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 17. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 18. Institute for Health Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, China. 19. Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria. 20. Department of Global Health and Population, TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. 21. Global and Cultural Mental Health Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. 22. University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon. 23. Centre for International Health, Burnet Institute and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. 24. Executive Board, Health Ministers' Council for Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 25. Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. 26. Center for Research on Population and Health; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. 27. Melbourne School of Government, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australia India Institute, Carlton, VIC, Australia; School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India. 28. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 29. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 30. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 31. Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi, India; Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. 32. International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC, USA. 33. Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. 34. Salud Mesoamérica 2015 Initiative, Panama City, Panama. 35. Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. 36. International Center for Child Health and Asset Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 37. The Lancet Youth, Lancet Commission on Adolescent Health and Wellbeing, London, UK. 38. Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. 39. School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 40. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Young people's health has emerged as a neglected yet pressing issue in global development. Changing patterns of young people's health have the potential to undermine future population health as well as global economic development unless timely and effective strategies are put into place. We report the past, present, and anticipated burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2013 using data on mortality, disability, injuries, and health risk factors. METHODS: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) includes annual assessments for 188 countries from 1990 to 2013, covering 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. We used the comparative risk assessment approach to assess how much of the burden of disease reported in a given year can be attributed to past exposure to a risk. We estimated attributable burden by comparing observed health outcomes with those that would have been observed if an alternative or counterfactual level of exposure had occurred in the past. We applied the same method to previous years to allow comparisons from 1990 to 2013. We cross-tabulated the quantiles of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by quintiles of DALYs annual increase from 1990 to 2013 to show rates of DALYs increase by burden. We used the GBD 2013 hierarchy of causes that organises 306 diseases and injuries into four levels of classification. Level one distinguishes three broad categories: first, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders; second, non-communicable diseases; and third, injuries. Level two has 21 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, level three has 163 categories, and level four has 254 categories. FINDINGS: The leading causes of death in 2013 for young people aged 10-14 years were HIV/AIDS, road injuries, and drowning (25·2%), whereas transport injuries were the leading cause of death for ages 15-19 years (14·2%) and 20-24 years (15·6%). Maternal disorders were the highest cause of death for young women aged 20-24 years (17·1%) and the fourth highest for girls aged 15-19 years (11·5%) in 2013. Unsafe sex as a risk factor for DALYs increased from the 13th rank to the second for both sexes aged 15-19 years from 1990 to 2013. Alcohol misuse was the highest risk factor for DALYs (7·0% overall, 10·5% for males, and 2·7% for females) for young people aged 20-24 years, whereas drug use accounted for 2·7% (3·3% for males and 2·0% for females). The contribution of risk factors varied between and within countries. For example, for ages 20-24 years, drug use was highest in Qatar and accounted for 4·9% of DALYs, followed by 4·8% in the United Arab Emirates, whereas alcohol use was highest in Russia and accounted for 21·4%, followed by 21·0% in Belarus. Alcohol accounted for 9·0% (ranging from 4·2% in Hong Kong to 11·3% in Shandong) in China and 11·6% (ranging from 10·1% in Aguascalientes to 14·9% in Chihuahua) of DALYs in Mexico for young people aged 20-24 years. Alcohol and drug use in those aged 10-24 years had an annual rate of change of >1·0% from 1990 to 2013 and accounted for more than 3·1% of DALYs. INTERPRETATION: Our findings call for increased efforts to improve health and reduce the burden of disease and risks for diseases in later life in young people. Moreover, because of the large variations between countries in risks and burden, a global approach to improve health during this important period of life will fail unless the particularities of each country are taken into account. Finally, our results call for a strategy to overcome the financial and technical barriers to adequately capture young people's health risk factors and their determinants in health information systems. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
BACKGROUND: Young people's health has emerged as a neglected yet pressing issue in global development. Changing patterns of young people's health have the potential to undermine future population health as well as global economic development unless timely and effective strategies are put into place. We report the past, present, and anticipated burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2013 using data on mortality, disability, injuries, and health risk factors. METHODS: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) includes annual assessments for 188 countries from 1990 to 2013, covering 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. We used the comparative risk assessment approach to assess how much of the burden of disease reported in a given year can be attributed to past exposure to a risk. We estimated attributable burden by comparing observed health outcomes with those that would have been observed if an alternative or counterfactual level of exposure had occurred in the past. We applied the same method to previous years to allow comparisons from 1990 to 2013. We cross-tabulated the quantiles of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by quintiles of DALYs annual increase from 1990 to 2013 to show rates of DALYs increase by burden. We used the GBD 2013 hierarchy of causes that organises 306 diseases and injuries into four levels of classification. Level one distinguishes three broad categories: first, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders; second, non-communicable diseases; and third, injuries. Level two has 21 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, level three has 163 categories, and level four has 254 categories. FINDINGS: The leading causes of death in 2013 for young people aged 10-14 years were HIV/AIDS, road injuries, and drowning (25·2%), whereas transport injuries were the leading cause of death for ages 15-19 years (14·2%) and 20-24 years (15·6%). Maternal disorders were the highest cause of death for young women aged 20-24 years (17·1%) and the fourth highest for girls aged 15-19 years (11·5%) in 2013. Unsafe sex as a risk factor for DALYs increased from the 13th rank to the second for both sexes aged 15-19 years from 1990 to 2013. Alcohol misuse was the highest risk factor for DALYs (7·0% overall, 10·5% for males, and 2·7% for females) for young people aged 20-24 years, whereas drug use accounted for 2·7% (3·3% for males and 2·0% for females). The contribution of risk factors varied between and within countries. For example, for ages 20-24 years, drug use was highest in Qatar and accounted for 4·9% of DALYs, followed by 4·8% in the United Arab Emirates, whereas alcohol use was highest in Russia and accounted for 21·4%, followed by 21·0% in Belarus. Alcohol accounted for 9·0% (ranging from 4·2% in Hong Kong to 11·3% in Shandong) in China and 11·6% (ranging from 10·1% in Aguascalientes to 14·9% in Chihuahua) of DALYs in Mexico for young people aged 20-24 years. Alcohol and drug use in those aged 10-24 years had an annual rate of change of >1·0% from 1990 to 2013 and accounted for more than 3·1% of DALYs. INTERPRETATION: Our findings call for increased efforts to improve health and reduce the burden of disease and risks for diseases in later life in young people. Moreover, because of the large variations between countries in risks and burden, a global approach to improve health during this important period of life will fail unless the particularities of each country are taken into account. Finally, our results call for a strategy to overcome the financial and technical barriers to adequately capture young people's health risk factors and their determinants in health information systems. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Authors: Leslie A Enane; Elizabeth D Lowenthal; Tonya Arscott-Mills; Jessica Eby; Cynthia Caiphus; Botshelo Kgwaadira; Susan E Coffin; Andrew P Steenhoff Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J Date: 2019-10 Impact factor: 2.129
Authors: John Finley; Lindsay M Jaacks; Christian J Peters; Donald R Ort; Ashley M Aimone; Zach Conrad; Daniel J Raiten Journal: Adv Nutr Date: 2019-09-01 Impact factor: 8.701
Authors: Diego Rios-Zertuche; Jose Cuchilla; Paola Zúñiga-Brenes; Bernardo Hernández; Patricia Jara; Ali H Mokdad; Emma Iriarte Journal: Int J Public Health Date: 2016-08-29 Impact factor: 3.380