Vilma Pinchi1, Federica De Luca2, Martina Focardi2, Francesco Pradella2, Giulia Vitale2, Federico Ricciardi3, Gian-Aristide Norelli2. 1. Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy. Electronic address: pinchi@unifi.it. 2. Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy. 3. Department of Statistical Science, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Dental and skeletal maturation have proved to be reliable evidence for estimating age of children and prior studies and internationally accredited guidelines recommend to evaluate both evidence in the same subject to reduce error in age prediction. Nevertheless the ethical and legal justification of procedures that imply a double exposition of children stands as a relevant issue. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of age estimation provided by a combination of skeletal and dental methods applied in the same sample of children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 274 orthopantomographies and left hand-wrist X-rays of Italian children, (aged between 6 and 17years) taken on the same day. Greulich and Pyle's (GP), Tanner-Whitehouse's version 3 (TW3) and Willems' (W) and the Demirjian's (D) methods were respectively applied for estimating skeletal and dental age. A combination of skeletal and dental age estimates through Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is proposed to obtain a classifier respect to an age threshold. RESULTS: The combination of D and TW3 obtained an improvement of accuracy in classifying female subjects respect to the 12years threshold respect to the original methods (from about 77% using either original methods to 83.3% combining TW3+D) as well as a consistent reduction of false positives rate (from 17% to 21% for original methods to 5.6% with TW3+D). For males the LDA classifier (based on TW3 and W) enable a small improvement in accuracy, whilst the decreasing of false positives was as noticeable as for females (from 17.6 to 14.1% for original methods to 6.2% combining TW3+W). CONCLUSIONS: Although the study is influenced by the limited size and the uneven age distribution of the sample, the present findings support the conclusion that age assessment procedures based on both dental and skeletal age estimation can improve the accuracy and reduce the occurrence of false positives.
BACKGROUND: Dental and skeletal maturation have proved to be reliable evidence for estimating age of children and prior studies and internationally accredited guidelines recommend to evaluate both evidence in the same subject to reduce error in age prediction. Nevertheless the ethical and legal justification of procedures that imply a double exposition of children stands as a relevant issue. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of age estimation provided by a combination of skeletal and dental methods applied in the same sample of children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 274 orthopantomographies and left hand-wrist X-rays of Italian children, (aged between 6 and 17years) taken on the same day. Greulich and Pyle's (GP), Tanner-Whitehouse's version 3 (TW3) and Willems' (W) and the Demirjian's (D) methods were respectively applied for estimating skeletal and dental age. A combination of skeletal and dental age estimates through Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is proposed to obtain a classifier respect to an age threshold. RESULTS: The combination of D and TW3 obtained an improvement of accuracy in classifying female subjects respect to the 12years threshold respect to the original methods (from about 77% using either original methods to 83.3% combining TW3+D) as well as a consistent reduction of false positives rate (from 17% to 21% for original methods to 5.6% with TW3+D). For males the LDA classifier (based on TW3 and W) enable a small improvement in accuracy, whilst the decreasing of false positives was as noticeable as for females (from 17.6 to 14.1% for original methods to 6.2% combining TW3+W). CONCLUSIONS: Although the study is influenced by the limited size and the uneven age distribution of the sample, the present findings support the conclusion that age assessment procedures based on both dental and skeletal age estimation can improve the accuracy and reduce the occurrence of false positives.