BACKGROUND & AIMS: Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the US and many other countries. Metabolism of APAP results in formation of APAP protein adducts (APAP-AD) in hepatocytes and triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and necrosis. However, the mechanisms for how APAP-AD are removed from hepatocytes remain unknown. METHODS: Mice or primary hepatocytes were treated with APAP. APAP-AD were determined by immunoblot, immunostaining and high pressure liquid chomatography with electrochemical detection analysis. RESULTS: We found that APAP-AD were detected at 1h, peaked at approximately 2h, declined at 6h and almost full removed at 24h post treatment with APAP in mouse livers and in primary mouse hepatocytes. APAP-AD displayed a punctate pattern and were colocalized with GFP-LC3 positive autophagosomes and Lamp1 positive lysosomes in APAP-treated primary hepatocytes. Moreover, isolated autophagosomes and autolysosomes from APAP-treated mouse livers contained APAP-AD, suggesting autophagy may selectively remove APAP-AD. APAP-AD were detected in both detergent soluble and insoluble pools in APAP-treated mouse livers and hepatocytes. More importantly, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by leupeptin or chloroquine increased whereas induction of autophagy by Torin 1 decreased serum APAP-AD levels in APAP-treated mice, which correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels and liver necrosis. Furthermore, SQSTM1/p62, an autophagy receptor protein, was recruited to APAP-AD. Adenovirus-mediated shRNA knockdown of SQSTM1/p62 led to increased APAP-AD and necrosis in primary hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that APAP-AD are removed though selective autophagy. Pharmacological induction of autophagy may be a novel promising approach for treating APAP-induced liver injury. LAY SUMMARY: Acetaminophen overdose can form acetaminophen protein adducts and mitochondria damage in hepatocytes resulting in liver injury. Activation of autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway can help to remove acetaminophen protein adducts. Pharmacological induction of autophagy may be a novel promising approach for treating APAP-induced liver injury.
BACKGROUND & AIMS:Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the US and many other countries. Metabolism of APAP results in formation of APAP protein adducts (APAP-AD) in hepatocytes and triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and necrosis. However, the mechanisms for how APAP-AD are removed from hepatocytes remain unknown. METHODS:Mice or primary hepatocytes were treated with APAP. APAP-AD were determined by immunoblot, immunostaining and high pressure liquid chomatography with electrochemical detection analysis. RESULTS: We found that APAP-AD were detected at 1h, peaked at approximately 2h, declined at 6h and almost full removed at 24h post treatment with APAP in mouse livers and in primary mouse hepatocytes. APAP-AD displayed a punctate pattern and were colocalized with GFP-LC3 positive autophagosomes and Lamp1 positive lysosomes in APAP-treated primary hepatocytes. Moreover, isolated autophagosomes and autolysosomes from APAP-treated mouse livers contained APAP-AD, suggesting autophagy may selectively remove APAP-AD. APAP-AD were detected in both detergent soluble and insoluble pools in APAP-treated mouse livers and hepatocytes. More importantly, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by leupeptin or chloroquine increased whereas induction of autophagy by Torin 1 decreased serum APAP-AD levels in APAP-treated mice, which correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels and liver necrosis. Furthermore, SQSTM1/p62, an autophagy receptor protein, was recruited to APAP-AD. Adenovirus-mediated shRNA knockdown of SQSTM1/p62 led to increased APAP-AD and necrosis in primary hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that APAP-AD are removed though selective autophagy. Pharmacological induction of autophagy may be a novel promising approach for treating APAP-induced liver injury. LAY SUMMARY:Acetaminophenoverdose can form acetaminophen protein adducts and mitochondria damage in hepatocytes resulting in liver injury. Activation of autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway can help to remove acetaminophen protein adducts. Pharmacological induction of autophagy may be a novel promising approach for treating APAP-induced liver injury.
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