María Lucina Torres-Rodríguez1, Erika García-Chávez2, Mark Berhow3, Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia4. 1. Programas Multidisciplinarios de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales (PMPCA) de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., México; Department Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. 2. Programas Multidisciplinarios de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales (PMPCA) de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., México; Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas (IIZD) de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., México. 3. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA. 4. Department Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. Electronic address: edemejia@illinois.edu.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Calea urticifolia leaves are traditionally used as a remedy to treat gastric ulcers, diabetes, and inflammation by the Xi'uy ancient native community of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim was to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of the Mexican plant C. urticifolia as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and to provide evidence on the phenolic compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with 1µg/mL of LPS and treated with 10, 25 50, 75 y 100µg/mL of Calea urticifolia lyophilized aqueous extract (CuAqE). Nitric oxide (NO) release, tumor necrosis factor alpha, prostaglandin E2 production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, NF-κB p50 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured; other pro-inflammatory proteins were measured with membrane antibody array. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS. RESULTS: Inflammation was inhibited by suppressing iNOS/NO pathway through inhibiting nucleus translocation of NF-κB p65 and p50 sub-units. ROS production was significantly (P<0.05) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory markers was suppressed (34.5-88.3%) by CuAqE. A mix of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid-glycosides were found in CuAqE. CONCLUSION: Phenolic compounds in CuAqE such as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides could be responsible for inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress by iNOS/NO pathway through suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway and by inhibition of ROS production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Therefore, these results support the traditional knowledge of C. urticifolia tea such as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Calea urticifolia leaves are traditionally used as a remedy to treat gastric ulcers, diabetes, and inflammation by the Xi'uy ancient native community of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim was to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of the Mexican plant C. urticifolia as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and to provide evidence on the phenolic compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with 1µg/mL of LPS and treated with 10, 25 50, 75 y 100µg/mL of Calea urticifolia lyophilized aqueous extract (CuAqE). Nitric oxide (NO) release, tumornecrosis factor alpha, prostaglandin E2 production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, NF-κB p50 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured; other pro-inflammatory proteins were measured with membrane antibody array. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS. RESULTS:Inflammation was inhibited by suppressing iNOS/NO pathway through inhibiting nucleus translocation of NF-κB p65 and p50 sub-units. ROS production was significantly (P<0.05) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory markers was suppressed (34.5-88.3%) by CuAqE. A mix of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid-glycosides were found in CuAqE. CONCLUSION: Phenolic compounds in CuAqE such as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides could be responsible for inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress by iNOS/NO pathway through suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway and by inhibition of ROS production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Therefore, these results support the traditional knowledge of C. urticifolia tea such as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.