Abdallah Mansur1, Michal Adir1, Gil Yerushalmi1, Ariel Hourvitz1, Hila Gitman1, Yuval Yung1, Raoul Orvieto1, Ronit Machtinger2. 1. Infertility and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. 2. Infertility and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel Ronit.Machtinger@Sheba.health.gov.il.
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION: Does Bisphenol A (BPA) impair steroid hormone production in human luteinized granulosa cells in vitro? SUMMARY ANSWER: At supra-physiological concentrations, BPA alters progesterone and estradiol synthesis in vitro and significantly reduces the mRNA and protein expression levels of three genes encoding steroidogenesis enzymes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: In IVF patients, the effects of BPA exposure on cycle outcome are controversial. Previous animal studies have shown that granulosa cell steroid hormone synthesis is compromised after BPA exposure, but their findings have been difficult to replicate in humans due, in part, to the low availability of discarded biological material. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Luteinized granulosa cells obtained from 44 fertile and infertile patients undergoing in vitro fertilization were cultured for 48 h with different concentrations of BPA (0, 0.2, 0.02, 2.0, 20 µg/ml). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Culture medium and total RNA extracted from the luteinized granulosa cells were examined for estradiol and progesterone levels as well as mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenesis enzymes, using enzyme immunoassays, real-time PCR and western blots. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Treatment of granulosa cells with 2 or 20 µg/ml BPA for 48 h resulted in significantly lower progesterone biosynthesis (P < 0.005 and <0.001, respectively). Estradiol production was significantly altered only after incubation with 20 µg/ml of BPA (P < 0.001). These concentrations also significantly reduced the mRNA levels of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 without affecting StAR and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA expression. Similarly, 3β-HSD, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 protein levels were reduced after administration of 20 µg/ml BPA. Lower BPA concentrations similar to, and up to 100 times, the concentrations measured in human follicular fluid, serum and urine did not alter steroidogenesis in primary granulosa cell cultures. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This was an in vitro study investigating the effects of acute exposure (48 h) of BPA on discarded material. As such, the model may not accurately reflect the effect of BPA on the physiological events of follicular steroid hormone synthesis in vivo. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results show that in vitro exposure to BPA at low doses does not affect granulosa cells steroidogenesis. Combined with recent in vivo studies, these data can be reassuring but further studies are needed to assess the effects of chronic exposure to BPA on ovarian steroidogenesis. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS: This study was supported by grant number 1936/12 from the Israeli Science Foundation (ISF). The authors have no conflict of interest.
STUDY QUESTION: Does Bisphenol A (BPA) impair steroid hormone production in human luteinized granulosa cells in vitro? SUMMARY ANSWER: At supra-physiological concentrations, BPA alters progesterone and estradiol synthesis in vitro and significantly reduces the mRNA and protein expression levels of three genes encoding steroidogenesis enzymes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: In IVFpatients, the effects of BPA exposure on cycle outcome are controversial. Previous animal studies have shown that granulosa cell steroid hormone synthesis is compromised after BPA exposure, but their findings have been difficult to replicate in humans due, in part, to the low availability of discarded biological material. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Luteinized granulosa cells obtained from 44 fertile and infertilepatients undergoing in vitro fertilization were cultured for 48 h with different concentrations of BPA (0, 0.2, 0.02, 2.0, 20 µg/ml). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Culture medium and total RNA extracted from the luteinized granulosa cells were examined for estradiol and progesterone levels as well as mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenesis enzymes, using enzyme immunoassays, real-time PCR and western blots. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Treatment of granulosa cells with 2 or 20 µg/ml BPA for 48 h resulted in significantly lower progesterone biosynthesis (P < 0.005 and <0.001, respectively). Estradiol production was significantly altered only after incubation with 20 µg/ml of BPA (P < 0.001). These concentrations also significantly reduced the mRNA levels of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 without affecting StAR and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA expression. Similarly, 3β-HSD, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 protein levels were reduced after administration of 20 µg/ml BPA. Lower BPA concentrations similar to, and up to 100 times, the concentrations measured in human follicular fluid, serum and urine did not alter steroidogenesis in primary granulosa cell cultures. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This was an in vitro study investigating the effects of acute exposure (48 h) of BPA on discarded material. As such, the model may not accurately reflect the effect of BPA on the physiological events of follicular steroid hormone synthesis in vivo. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results show that in vitro exposure to BPA at low doses does not affect granulosa cells steroidogenesis. Combined with recent in vivo studies, these data can be reassuring but further studies are needed to assess the effects of chronic exposure to BPA on ovarian steroidogenesis. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS: This study was supported by grant number 1936/12 from the Israeli Science Foundation (ISF). The authors have no conflict of interest.