High-throughput pyrosequencing analysis of bacteria relevant to cometabolic and metabolic degradation of ibuprofen in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

The potential toxicity of pharmaceutical residues including ibuprofen on the aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates has attracted growing attention to the pharmaceutical pollution control using constructed wetlands, but there lacks of an insight into the relevant microbial degradation mechanisms. This study investigated the bacteria associated with the cometabolic and metabolic degradation of ibuprofen in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system by high-throughput pyrosequencing analysis. The ibuprofen degradation dynamics, bacterial diversity and evenness, and bacterial community structure in a planted bed with Typha angustifolia and an unplanted bed (control) were compared. The results showed that the plants promoted the microbial degradation of ibuprofen, especially at the downstream zones of wetland. However, at the upstream one-third zone of wetland, the presence of plants did not significantly enhance ibuprofen degradation, probably due to the much greater contribution of cometabolic behaviors of certain non-ibuprofen-degrading microorganisms than that of the plants. By analyzing bacterial characteristics, we found that: (1) The aerobic species of family Flavobacteriaceae, family Methylococcaceae and genus Methylocystis, and the anaerobic species of family Spirochaetaceae and genus Clostridium_sensu_stricto were the most possible bacteria relevant to the cometabolic degradation of ibuprofen; (2) The family Rhodocyclaceae and the genus Ignavibacterium closely related to the plants appeared to be associated with the metabolic degradation of ibuprofen.