Bogdan Ene-Iordache1, Norberto Perico2, Boris Bikbov3, Sergio Carminati2, Andrea Remuzzi4, Annalisa Perna2, Nazmul Islam5, Rodolfo Flores Bravo6, Mirna Aleckovic-Halilovic7, Hequn Zou8, Luxia Zhang9, Zaghloul Gouda10, Irma Tchokhonelidze11, Georgi Abraham12, Mitra Mahdavi-Mazdeh13, Maurizio Gallieni14, Igor Codreanu15, Ariunaa Togtokh16, Sanjib Kumar Sharma17, Puru Koirala17, Samyog Uprety18, Ifeoma Ulasi19, Giuseppe Remuzzi20. 1. IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò", Ranica, Italy. Electronic address: bogdan.ene-iordache@marionegri.it. 2. IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò", Ranica, Italy. 3. Department of Nephrology, A I Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia; Department of Nephrology Issues of Transplanted Kidney, Academician V I Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia. 4. IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò", Ranica, Italy; Department of Management, Information and Production and Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy. 5. Department of Nephrology, North East Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh. 6. Department of Medicine, Hospital Juan XXIII, La Paz, Bolivia. 7. Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 8. Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 9. Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China. 10. Department of Nephrology, Damanhour Medical National Institute, General Organization of Teaching Hospitals and Institutes, Damanhour, Egypt. 11. Nephrology Development Clinical Center, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia. 12. Tamilnad Kidney Research Foundation, Chennai, India. 13. Department of Nephrology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Center of Iranian Tissue Bank, Tehran, Iran. 14. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. 15. Transplant Agency of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova. 16. Department of Nephrology, University of Mongolia, Ulaan Bataar, Mongolia. 17. Department of Internal Medicine, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. 18. School of Public Health and Department of Community Medicine, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. 19. Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. 20. IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò", Ranica, Italy; Department of Medicine, Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease is an important cause of global mortality and morbidity. Data for epidemiological features of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors are limited for low-income and middle-income countries. The International Society of Nephrology's Kidney Disease Data Center (ISN-KDDC) aimed to assess the prevalence and awareness of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors, and to investigate the risk of cardiovascular disease, in countries of low and middle income. METHODS: We did a cross-sectional study in 12 countries from six world regions: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Egypt, Georgia, India, Iran, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, and Nigeria. We analysed data from screening programmes in these countries, matching eight general and four high-risk population cohorts collected in the ISN-KDDC database. High-risk cohorts were individuals at risk of or with a diagnosis of either chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire, had their blood pressure measured, and blood and urine samples taken. We defined chronic kidney disease according to modified KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) criteria; risk of cardiovascular disease development was estimated with the Framingham risk score. FINDINGS: 75,058 individuals were included in the study. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 14·3% (95% CI 14·0-14·5) in general populations and 36·1% (34·7-37·6) in high-risk populations. Overall awareness of chronic kidney disease was low, with 409 (6%) of 6631 individuals in general populations and 150 (10%) of 1524 participants from high-risk populations aware they had chronic kidney disease. Moreover, in the general population, 5600 (44%) of 12,751 individuals with hypertension did not know they had the disorder, and 973 (31%) of 3130 people with diabetes were unaware they had that disease. The number of participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the Framingham risk score, was underestimated compared with KDIGO guidelines. For example, all individuals with chronic kidney disease should be considered at high risk of cardiovascular disease, but the Framingham risk score detects only 23% in the general population, and only 38% in high-risk cohorts. INTERPRETATION: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease was high in general and high-risk populations from countries of low and middle income. Moreover, awareness of chronic kidney disease and other non-communicable diseases was low, and a substantial number of individuals who knew they were ill did not receive treatment. Prospective programmes with repeat testing are needed to confirm the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors. Furthermore, in general, health-care workforces in countries of low and middle income need strengthening. FUNDING: International Society of Nephrology.
BACKGROUND:Chronic kidney disease is an important cause of global mortality and morbidity. Data for epidemiological features of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors are limited for low-income and middle-income countries. The International Society of Nephrology's Kidney Disease Data Center (ISN-KDDC) aimed to assess the prevalence and awareness of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors, and to investigate the risk of cardiovascular disease, in countries of low and middle income. METHODS: We did a cross-sectional study in 12 countries from six world regions: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Egypt, Georgia, India, Iran, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, and Nigeria. We analysed data from screening programmes in these countries, matching eight general and four high-risk population cohorts collected in the ISN-KDDC database. High-risk cohorts were individuals at risk of or with a diagnosis of either chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire, had their blood pressure measured, and blood and urine samples taken. We defined chronic kidney disease according to modified KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) criteria; risk of cardiovascular disease development was estimated with the Framingham risk score. FINDINGS: 75,058 individuals were included in the study. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 14·3% (95% CI 14·0-14·5) in general populations and 36·1% (34·7-37·6) in high-risk populations. Overall awareness of chronic kidney disease was low, with 409 (6%) of 6631 individuals in general populations and 150 (10%) of 1524 participants from high-risk populations aware they had chronic kidney disease. Moreover, in the general population, 5600 (44%) of 12,751 individuals with hypertension did not know they had the disorder, and 973 (31%) of 3130 people with diabetes were unaware they had that disease. The number of participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the Framingham risk score, was underestimated compared with KDIGO guidelines. For example, all individuals with chronic kidney disease should be considered at high risk of cardiovascular disease, but the Framingham risk score detects only 23% in the general population, and only 38% in high-risk cohorts. INTERPRETATION: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease was high in general and high-risk populations from countries of low and middle income. Moreover, awareness of chronic kidney disease and other non-communicable diseases was low, and a substantial number of individuals who knew they were ill did not receive treatment. Prospective programmes with repeat testing are needed to confirm the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors. Furthermore, in general, health-care workforces in countries of low and middle income need strengthening. FUNDING: International Society of Nephrology.
Authors: Ping Liu; Robert R Quinn; Mohammad Ehsanul Karim; Aminu Bello; Helen Tam-Tham; Robert Weaver; Paul E Ronksley; Hude Quan; Giovanni F M Strippoli; Braden Manns; Brenda R Hemmelgarn; Marcello Tonelli; Pietro Ravani Journal: CMAJ Date: 2019-03-11 Impact factor: 8.262
Authors: Dan Zhao; Abrar Tahir Khawaja; Lijian Jin; Kam Wa Chan; Maurizio Tonetti; Sydney Chi Wai Tang; George Pelekos Journal: Clin Oral Investig Date: 2019-11-12 Impact factor: 3.573