Use of high-flow nasal cannula in neonates: Nationwide survey in Japan.

High-flow nasal cannula is a new modality of respiratory support and is increasing in popularity despite the lack of supporting evidence. We investigated the prevalence of its use in tertiary neonatal units in Japan. A paper-based survey was conducted. The response rate was 83%. High-flow nasal cannula was used in 46/80 units (58%), of which 96% used the high-flow nasal cannula without guidelines. It was used for several indications, including weaning off nasal continuous positive airway pressure and post-extubation respiratory support. The main perceived benefits of the cannula included better access to the neonate and reduced risk of nasal trauma. This survey found that high-flow nasal cannula is used without clear criteria and that clinical practice varies across neonatal units in Japan. Its use in neonates needs to be urgently evaluated.