Kelly A Ryan1, Shervin Assari2, Bethany D Pester2, Kristin Hinrichs2, Kaley Angers2, Amanda Baker2, David F Marshall2, Deborah Stringer2, Erika F H Saunders3, Masoud Kamali4, Melvin G McInnis2, Scott A Langenecker5. 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Electronic address: karyan@umich.edu. 2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 3. Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. 4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 5. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Executive Functioning (EF) deficits in bipolar disorder (BD) are commonly present regardless of mood state and therefore are considered core features of the illness. However, very little is known about the temporal stability of these deficits. We examined the natural course of EF over a five year period in BD and healthy control (HC) samples. METHOD: Using a 5-year longitudinal cohort, 91 individuals with BD and 17 HC were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests that captured four main areas of EF: Processing Speed with Interference Resolution, Verbal Fluency with Processing Speed, Inhibitory Control, and Conceptual Reasoning and Set Shifting. Evaluations occurred at study entry, one, and five years later. RESULTS: Latent Growth Curve Modeling demonstrated that the BD group performed significantly worse in all EF areas than the HC group. Changes in EF from baseline to 5-year follow-up were similar across both diagnostic groups. Older age at baseline, above and beyond education and diagnosis, was associated with worse initial performance in EF. Being of older age was associated with greater decline in Processing Speed with Interference Resolution, and Verbal Fluency with Processing Speed. Higher education was marginally associated with a smaller declining slope for Processing Speed with Interference Resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Executive functioning deficits in BD persist over time, and in the context of normative age-related decline, may place individuals at greater risk for cognitive disability as the disease progresses. Age and having a BD diagnosis together, however, do not accelerate executive functioning decline over time.
OBJECTIVE: Executive Functioning (EF) deficits in bipolar disorder (BD) are commonly present regardless of mood state and therefore are considered core features of the illness. However, very little is known about the temporal stability of these deficits. We examined the natural course of EF over a five year period in BD and healthy control (HC) samples. METHOD: Using a 5-year longitudinal cohort, 91 individuals with BD and 17 HC were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests that captured four main areas of EF: Processing Speed with Interference Resolution, Verbal Fluency with Processing Speed, Inhibitory Control, and Conceptual Reasoning and Set Shifting. Evaluations occurred at study entry, one, and five years later. RESULTS: Latent Growth Curve Modeling demonstrated that the BD group performed significantly worse in all EF areas than the HC group. Changes in EF from baseline to 5-year follow-up were similar across both diagnostic groups. Older age at baseline, above and beyond education and diagnosis, was associated with worse initial performance in EF. Being of older age was associated with greater decline in Processing Speed with Interference Resolution, and Verbal Fluency with Processing Speed. Higher education was marginally associated with a smaller declining slope for Processing Speed with Interference Resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Executive functioning deficits in BD persist over time, and in the context of normative age-related decline, may place individuals at greater risk for cognitive disability as the disease progresses. Age and having a BD diagnosis together, however, do not accelerate executive functioning decline over time.
Authors: Kelly A Ryan; Shervin Assari; Kaley Angers; David F Marshall; Kristin Hinrichs; Rebecca Easter; Pallavi Babu; Bethany D Pester; Scott A Langenecker; Melvin G McInnis Journal: Bipolar Disord Date: 2017-09-14 Impact factor: 6.744
Authors: Tobin J Ehrlich; Kelly A Ryan; Katherine E Burdick; Scott A Langenecker; Melvin G McInnis; David F Marshall Journal: Acta Psychiatr Scand Date: 2022-06-25 Impact factor: 7.734
Authors: Melvin G McInnis; Shervin Assari; Masoud Kamali; Kelly Ryan; Scott A Langenecker; Erika F H Saunders; Kritika Versha; Simon Evans; K Sue O'Shea; Emily Mower Provost; David Marshall; Daniel Forger; Patricia Deldin; Sebastian Zoellner Journal: Int J Epidemiol Date: 2018-02-01 Impact factor: 7.196