Systematics of the parasitic wasp genus Oxyscelio Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae s.l.), part III: African fauna.

African species of Oxyscelio (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae s.l.) are revised. A total of 14 species are recognized, 13 of which are described as new: Oxyscelio absentiae Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio galeri Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio gyri Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio idoli Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio intensionis Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio io Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio kylix Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio lunae Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio nemesis Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio pulveris Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio quassus Burks, sp. n., Oxyscelio teli Burks, sp. n. and Oxyscelio xenii Burks, sp. n. The genus Freniger Szabó, syn. n. is recognized as part of an endemic African species group of Oxyscelio with incomplete hind wing venation, and Oxyscelio bicolor (Szabó), comb. n. is therefore recognized as the only previously described species of Oxyscelio from Africa. The Oxyscelio crateris and Oxyscelio cuculli species groups, previously known from southeast Asia, are represented in Africa by seven and one species respectively.

Introduction

Kieffer was first described to contain a single species of from Java (Kieffer 1907). It remained in obscurity until Dodd (1931) recognized that it was the oldest generic name corresponding to a set of Australian and Indo-Malayan species that previously had been placed in several other genera. Dodd’s concept of has been upheld in more recent examinations of scelionine genera (Masner 1976, Galloway and Austin 1984, Austin and Field 1997). The Indo-Malayan, Palearctic (Burks et al. 2013a, Johnson et al. 2013), Australian, and Pacific (Burks et al. 2013b) species of have been recently reviewed, expanding the number of described species of the genus from 36 to 170, while retaining as valid all but one of the species that had been recognized by Dodd.

Despite the diversity of , very little is known of its life history. The host of Kononova, an exposed orthopteran egg laid from an unknown species onto plant tissue, was photographed as part of its original description (Kononova and Fursov 2007) and is the only known host record of the genus.

In this study we recognize 14 species of from the Afrotropical realm, including 13 newly described species. Eight of these species are placed in species groups previously recognized from the Indo-Malayan realm. Four of the remaining species are placed in a uniquely African species group comprising the only species of known to have incomplete hind wing venation, a feature that has most notably been found in other genera of , including Latreille, Latreille, and Masner. These species are determined to belong to based on a single spur on both the mid and hind tibia, the presence of a facial submedian carina, and fore wing with a punctiform marginal vein and no pseudostigma (sensu Masner 1976).

Materials and methods

Specimens examined were provided by the following collections: 1; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; South African Museum, Iziko Museums of Cape Town, South Africa (SAMC); ; .

Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia

The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Canada

Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Lund Museum of Zoology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

National Museum of Kenya

C.A. Triplehorn Insect Collection, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Insect Collection, Indooroopilly, Australia

Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia

National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

Waite Insect and Nematode Collection, Adelaide, Australia

This revision is a product of the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory, funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (N.F. Johnson, Ohio State University; Andy Austin, University of Adelaide; Principal Investigators). An objective of this project is to use biodiversity informatics resources to accelerate taxonomic work, making real-time collaboration possible. Data associated with specimens examined in this study can be accessed at hol.osu.edu and entering the unique specimen identifier (e.g. OSUC 359541) in the search form. Scale bars on all figures are in mm format. Morphological terminology follows Mikó et al. (2007) except as specified here. Ovipositor terminology is used as described by Austin and Field (1997). “T1 midlobe” refers to the raised antero-medial area of T1 that is flanked by depressed lateral areas. This is usually flat and only weakly elevated in , and therefore is not strictly the same as a T1 horn, but a T1 midlobe can be expressed as a T1 horn. All terms except those for surface sculpture are defined in the Anatomy Ontology (http://portal.hymao.org).

Surface sculpture terminology follows Eady (1968) in most cases and Burks et al. (2013a, 2013b) in interpretations of major sculpture versus microsculpture, which are explained again here. Diminutive variant sculptural terms were avoided because of a lack of criteria for separating them from non-diminutive alternatives. “Major” surface sculpture refers to repeated sculptural patterns that interact with seta placement, not including non-repeated elements or those which are repeated only once due to bilateral symmetry. “Umbilicate-foveate” sculpture refers to rounded crater-like sculptural elements, each surrounding a setiferous pit (and thus interacting with a seta), with each fovea being much larger than its setiferous pit and spatially separated from that pit (see, e.g., Fig. 3). “Umbilicate-punctate” sculpture indicates that no sculptural element accompanies the setiferous pit (and therefore the setal pit is the “major” surface sculpture element here, e.g., T6 in Fig. 67). “Rugose” sculpture refers to a pattern of branching or wrinkling elevations that flank setiferous pits but do not fully surround them (e.g., Figs 6, 7). Rugose sculpture can coexist with umbilicate sculpture in the same area of the sclerite, in which case the rugae occur on spaces between umbilicate sculptural elements. Note that “rugose” refers to a distribution of sculptural elements, and therefore can be “irregular” or “regular” even though rugae (the elements themselves) are by definition wrinkle-like and therefore at least slightly irregular. Where both umbilicate-foveate and umbilicate-punctate sculpture are reported for the same sclerite, this should be interpreted as variable sculpture where some setiferous pits are surrounded by foveae while others are not. Under this scheme, “major” surface sculpture cannot occur in any part of the sclerite that lacks setae.

Figures 2–5.

sp. n., paratype female (OSUC 369414) 2 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 3 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 4 Hind wing, dorsal view (fw = fore wing, hw = hind wing) 5 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

Figures 62–67.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 369398) 62 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 63 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 64 Head, anterior view 65 Propodeum, dorsolateral view 66 Metasoma, dorsal view. Paratype male (OSUC 369402) 67 Metasoma, dorsal view Morphbank

Figures 6–11.

(Szabó), female (OSUC 369418) 6 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 7 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 8 Head, anterior view 9 Metasoma, dorsal view. Female (OSUC 369371) 10 Propodeum, dorsolateral view. Male (OSUC 369427) 11 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

“Microsculpture” refers to repeated tiny sculptural elements that do not interact with seta placement. Microsculpture can occur on “major” sculptural elements, such as on rugae and on all surfaces of foveae. “Punctate” microsculpture refers to tiny round pits that do not bear setae. “Granulate” microsculpture refers to sculpture that is similar to that of leather or skin, with areas enclosed by tiny grooves (= sunken septa). Microsculpture can occur in areas that lack setae.

Sculptural terms for repeated sculpture that are not included in the above categories are 1) “carinae” which refers to elevations that are sharp and not branched or wrinkled but do not repeat in a way that forms a pattern (excluding repeating due to bilateral symmetry), 2) “striae” which refers to repeated elevations that are not sharp and not branched or wrinkled. These sculptural elements do not interact with setiferous pit placement, but major sculptural elements can occur between them. While alternative logic may suggest that rugose sculpture is better classed within this category, this choice was avoided because rugose sculptural patterns did apparently interact with umbilicate sculptural patterns. For the occipital carina, “crenulate” means that short carinae radiate from the occipital carina. Certain carinae may be described using the phrase “wrinkle-like,” which replaces our previous words “as a ruga,” this change being done to make the terms more clearly descriptive.

Illustrations. Photographs were taken using a Synoptics Ltd. system using a Leica Z16 APO microscope and a JVC KY-F75U 3-CCD camera. Source photos were stacked using Zerene Stacker version 1.04, or Auto-Montage Pro version 5.01.0005, and enhanced using Adobe Photoshop CS5 or CS6.

Phylogenetic analysis. A New Technology Search at initial level 95 was performed using TNT (Tree analysis using New Technology) version 1.1 (Goloboff et al. 2003, 2008). Implied weighting was used, with a default function of K = 15. Bootstrapping was performed with 1,000 replicates using the same settings but without implied weighting. Dodd was used as an outgroup for the analyses (specimens OSUC 238172, OSUC 238164), chosen because of morphological similarity between and . A total of 14 out of 50 characters were used from the overall dataset (see Appendix I for characters and matrix).

Taxonomy

Kieffer

http://zoobank.org/99E3E72E-DA88-4740-9ECB-2D03BCD1DACE

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/529

Internal phylogenetic relationships.

The phylogenetic analysis performed with a select group of characters (Fig. 1) found the -group and African species of the -group to be monophyletic, with as the sister group to the -group and the -group species as sister group to all other African species.

Figure 1.

Single most parsimonious phylogram for African species of using TNT New Technology Search with set initial level = 95, implied weighting default function K = 15. Best score = 0.74877. Bootstrap support values above 50% indicated above branches.

These results indicate that recognition of the genus (with as type) would make the genus paraphyletic. Our understanding of relationships among all species is insufficient to suggest a robust reclassification of these into monophyletic taxa. Therefore, we opt to treat as a junior synonym of .

Species groups of African

These groups are provided here to indicate intuitively perceived structure within the genus, and to provide an aid for identification. They are succinctly diagnosed here. Some characters are omitted situationally from species group diagnoses because those characters are variable within the group or are otherwise unhelpful for that particular group’s identification. Individual species descriptions can be consulted regarding characters omitted from these diagnoses. The only uniquely African species group is the -group, which is defined by a character that is unique in . Two other African species are not placed to group, and may represent important lineages as well PageBreak(see below). The more lengthy species group diagnoses for the other groups in Burks et al. (2013a, b) can be consulted for the full list of other character states that fully define the -group and -group.

Characteristics. Hyperoccipital carina absent or not connected to occipital carina. Hind wing vein (Sc+R) interrupted.

Comments. The -group contains species with a broadly interrupted hind wing vein (Sc+R). This feature is unique to this group within , and previously has been used to help define the , , and (Masner 1976)

Contains: , , , .

Characteristics. Hyperoccipital carina connected to occipital carina laterally. Hind wing vein (Sc+R) not interrupted.

Comments. The -group also occurs in the Indo-Malayan realm, with species that have a slightly less pronounced “crater” on the occiput between the hyperoccipital and occipital carinae. A potential species complex within this group contains , , and , which are vaguely similar in the shape of the head, body, hyperoccipital carina, and occipital carina. However, that grouping was not upheld by the phylogenetic analysis and could not be characterized with any consistently definable features.

Contains: , , , , , , .

Characteristics. Hyperoccipital carina present as a sharp carina but not connected to occipital carina laterally. Hind wing vein (Sc+R) not interrupted.

Comments. The -group also occurs throughout the Indo-Malayan realm, with species very similar to the only known African species.

Contains: .

Species not placed to group

Included species: , .

Comments. There is some general resemblance between and the Australian aciculae-group, but members of that group do not have a setose metasomal depression. has a setose metasomal depression, but lacks the important features of other species groups, resembling the -group but having PageBreaka complete hind wing vein. The Indo-Malayan and Australian dasymesos-group differs from in occipital sculpture and in having sharp projections from the corners of T7. The dasymesos-group differs from in having a complete mesoscutal median carina, and in having a very different (short and stout) body shape.

Species descriptions

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/5C78286D-3D78-4825-9EBA-81DCABC13E66

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309292

Figures 2–5 ; Morphbank

Description.

Female. Body length 2.5–2.65 mm (n = 4).

Radicle color: same as scape. A4: broader than long. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 3 or more broadly interrupted transverse carinae; with 2–4 complete transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: not indicated medially. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: uniformly rounded. Lateral corners of occipital carina: absent.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: steep. Mesoscutal median carina: absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: punctate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: punctate. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: flat or convex. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: with longitudinal carinae. Metascutellar apex: deeply emarginate; shallowly emarginate. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: foveate or rugose. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: strongly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: absent. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching middle of T5. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: present. T1 midlobe: obscured by other raised sculpture. T1: with long anterior bulge that reaches metascutellum. T6: longer than broad; as long as broad. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of T6: absent; granulate.

Diagnosis.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina absent. Gena with granulate sculpture anteroventrally and posteroventrally. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture. Metascutellum much broader than long. Metasomal depression not setose, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae strongly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R interrupted. T1 with carinae between midlobe and lateral carina. Female: A4 broader than long; T1 midlobe with strong anterior horn.

Etymology.

Latin noun, genitive case, meaning “absence.”

Link to distribution map.

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309292]

Material examined.

Holotype, female: SOMALIA: Mogadishu, Shabelle (Shabelli) Valley, Afgooye (Afgoi), 1.II–15.II.1977, malaise trap, F. Bin, OSUC 369416 (deposited in CNCI). Paratypes: SOMALIA: 3 females, OSUC 369414–369415, 369417 (CNCI).

(Szabó) comb. n.

http://zoobank.org/FE1CAEFA-4FFD-4ADC-B7A4-55D1F5FA55A6

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/4310

Figures 6–11 ; Morphbank

Female. Body length 3.15–3.55 mm (n = 5).

Radicle color: same as scape; darker than scape. A4: longer than broad. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 1–2 broadly interrupted transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: wrinkle-like. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Occipital carina medially: uniformly rounded. Lateral corners of occipital carina: absent.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent; granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate; obliquely rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: absent. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: absent. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth; rugose. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: foveate or rugose. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: present. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: one or more areoles present. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching apex of T6; reaching beyond T6. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: present. T1 midlobe: with 6 or more longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: broader than long. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of T6: granulate.

Male. Body length 3.15–3.4 mm (n = 7). A5 tyloid: carina-like, not expanded. A11: longer than broad. T1 midlobe: with 5 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with acuminate lateral corners.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina wrinkle-like, not connected to occipital carina laterally or medially. Gena with granulate sculpture anteroventrally and posPageBreakteroventrally. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture; without punctate sculpture between foveae. Metasomal depression setose, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R interrupted. T1 with carinae between midlobe and lateral carina. Female: A4 longer than broad; T1 without anterior horn.

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=4310]

Holotype, female: TANZANIA: Arusha Reg., Upper Arusha (Arusha-Ju), X–1905, Katona, Hym.Typ.No. 9553, Mus.Budapest (deposited in HNHM). Other material: (4 females, 8 males) KENYA: 3 females, 7 males, OSUC PageBreak369418, 369425–369433 (CNCI). TANZANIA: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 369370–369371 (CNCI).

Comments.

Szabó represents an unusual species group of African , with a broadly interrupted hind wing vein (Sc+R). The metasomal depression setae in this and some other African are rarely found in species outside Africa – only in the two Asian and single Australian species of the dasymesos group.

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/51C5ECA4-5C4D-402E-A7A4-8F2E7E4995F3

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309293

Figures 12–15 ; Morphbank

Figures 12–15.

sp. n., paratype male (OSUC 369355) 12 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 13 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 14 Head, anterior view 15 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

Male. Body length 3.95–4.1 mm (n = 5).

Radicle color: same as scape. A5 tyloid: carina-like, not expanded. A11: longer than broad. Upper frons: hood-like, protruding over pedicel when antenna at rest. Frontal depression sculpture: without transverse or oblique carinae below submedian carina. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: complete as a sharp carina. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Occipital carina medially: sinuate with a more strongly arched median portion. Lateral corners of occipital carina: absent.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: present and complete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate; transversely rugose; obliquely rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate; obliquely rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: granulate. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: with longitudinal carinae. Metascutellar apex: sharply acuminate. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: foveate or rugose. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: strongly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: absent. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: absent. T1 midlobe: with 4 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with no distinct corners.

Both sexes: Frontal depression forming hood-like structure (deep and with strongly protruding submedian carina that overhangs pedicels). Hyperoccipital carina present and sharp, not connected to occipital carina laterally; median carina between hyperoccipital carina and occipital carina absent. Gena with granulate sculpture anteroventrally and posteroventrally. Mesoscutellum with granulate sculpture. Metascutellum acuminate apically. Metasomal depression without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae strongly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R complete.

Latin noun, genitive case, referring to a kind of helmet.

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309293]

Holotype, female: CAMEROON: Centre Prov., Mbalmayo, VII–1993, malaise trap, P. Eggleton, OSUC 369356 (deposited in BMNH). Paratypes: CAMEROON: 5 males, OSUC 369353–369355 (CNCI), 369357–369358 (BMNH).

The other members of the group are widespread in Asia, including China and India. is distinct within this group due to its acuminate metascutellum.

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/43C8DD10-DDEA-40DE-AAA5-2CB62ED3FE09

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309294

Figures 16–21 ; Morphbank

Figures 16–21.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 369372) 16 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 17 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view Paratype male (OSUC 369374) 18 Head, anterior view 19 Antenna 20 Mesosoma, lateral view 21 Propodeum, posterior view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 3.35 mm (n = 1).

Radicle color: same as scape. A4: longer than broad. A5: longer than broad; as long as broad. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 2–4 complete transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: absent. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: absent. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: complete as a sharp carina. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: uniformly rounded. Lateral corners of occipital carina: absent.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: present and complete; absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate; umbilicate-punctate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate; obliquely rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate; obliquely rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: absent. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: absent. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: crossed by carinae. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: strongly diverging; weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: absent. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching middle of T6. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: present. T1 midlobe: with 5 longitudinal carinae; with 6 or more longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: broader than long; as long as broad. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate; longitudinally striate or rugose. Microsculpture of T6: granulate.

Male. Body length 3.2 mm (n = 1). A5 tyloid: carina-like, not expanded. A11: longer than broad. T1 midlobe: with 5 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with acuminate lateral corners.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina present and sharp, not connected to occipital carina laterally; median carina between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae absent. Gena with granulate sculpture posteroventrally but not anteroventrally. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture. Metasomal depression without median PageBreakcarina; lateral propodeal carinae strongly or weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R vein complete. Female: A4 longer than broad.

Latin noun, genitive case, meaning “circle.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309294]

Holotype, female: TANZANIA: Tanga Reg., hills, Amani, 23.VI–24.VII.2001, D. Quicke, OSUC 369372 (deposited in BMNH). Paratypes: TANZANIA: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 369373, 369374 (BMNH).

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/97BEFB0C-F785-48A3-B660-72AF7AE6B20A

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309295

Figures 22–27 ; Morphbank

Figures 22–27.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 369367) 22 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 23 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 24 Head, anterior view 25 Metasoma, dorsal view. Paratype male (OSUC 369368) 26 Antenna 27 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 2.55–2.6 mm (n = 2).

Radicle color: same as scape. A4: longer than broad; as long as broad. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 2–4 complete transverse carinae; with 1–2 broadly interrupted transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: wrinkle-like. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: uniformly rounded. Lateral corners of occipital carina: absent.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: present and complete; absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate; umbilicate-punctate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent; granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate; obliquely rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: absent. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: absent. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight; shallowly emarginate. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: crossed by carinae. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: one or more areoles present. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching beyond T6. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: present. T1 midlobe: with 6 or more longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: broader than long. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of T6: absent.

Male. Body length 2.4 mm (n = 1). A5 tyloid: carina-like, not expanded. A11: longer than broad. T1 midlobe: with 4 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with acuminate lateral corners.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina wrinkle-like. Gena with granulate sculpture anteroventrally and posteroventrally. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture. Metascutellum about as broad as long. Metasomal depression not setose; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R interrupted. Female: T1 midlobe without anterior horn.

Latin noun, genitive case, meaning “ghost.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309295]

Holotype, female: TANZANIA: Tanga Reg., Muheza Dist., canopy, Kwangumi Forest Reserve, 04°57'S 38°44'E, 9.XI.1995, fogging, OSUC 369367 (deposited in BMNH). Paratypes: TANZANIA: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 369366, 369368 (BMNH).

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/828EFF7A-C702-46CA-8E73-C523925A3ABC

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309296

Figures 28–33 ; Morphbank

Figures 28–33.

sp. n., holotype male (OSUC 369369) 28 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 29 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 30 Head, anterior view 31 Metasoma, dorsal view 32 Propodeum, dorsal view 33 Propodeum, dorsolateral view. Morphbank

Male. Body length 3.55 mm (n = 1).

Radicle color: same as scape. A5 tyloid: carina-like, not expanded. A11: longer than broad. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: without transverse or oblique carinae below submedian carina. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: present. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: absent. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: absent. Hyperoccipital carina: wrinkle-like. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Occipital carina medially: uniformly rounded. Lateral corners of occipital carina: absent.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate; longitudinally rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: absent. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: absent. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from tiny pits. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: crossed by carinae. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: present. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: one or more areoles present. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: absent. T1 midlobe: with 5 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with no distinct corners.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina wrinkle-like, not connected to occipital carina laterally or medially. Frontal depression with median carina. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture. Metasomal depression setose; lateral propodeal carinae broadly separated. Hind wing Sc+R not interrupted. Male: T7 without acuminate lateral corners.

Latin noun, genitive case, meaning “an extension.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309296]

Holotype, male: TANZANIA: Iringa Reg., Kilolo Dist., Udzungwa (Uzungwa) Mts., Luwala (Luwato) Camp area, semi-evergreen montane tropical PageBreakvirgin forest edge, Ndundulu Forest, 1880m, 18.I–25.I.2007, malaise trap, L. A. Hansen & A. Hedayat, OSUC 369369 (deposited in BMNH).

bears some resemblance to several Australian species of the aciculae group, especially to Burks. None of the species within that group has a setose metasomal depression.

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/DADCE45A-7345-4893-BB8C-2AF7F2129B31

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309297

Figures 34–39 ; Morphbank

Figures 34–39.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 369403) 34 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 35 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 36 Head, anterior view 37 Metasoma, dorsal view. Paratype male (OSUC 470506) 38 Antenna 39 Metasomal apex, dorsal view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 4.6–5.25 mm (n = 9).

Radicle color: same as scape. A4: broader than long; as long as broad. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 2–4 complete transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: present. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: absent. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: wrinkle-like. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent; present, anteriorly incomplete. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: with nearly flat angular median portion. Lateral corners of occipital carina: sharp and protruding corners present.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: granulate. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: 3–5; more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from tiny pits. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: crossed by carinae. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: one or more areoles present. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: absent. Fore wing apex: reaching apex of T5; reaching middle of T6. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: present. T1 midlobe: with 4 longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: broader than long; as long as broad. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate; longitudinally striate or rugose. Microsculpture of T6: granulate.

Male. Body length 4.8 mm (n = 2). A5 tyloid: expanded, teardrop-shaped or sinuate. A11: longer than road. T1 midlobe: with 4 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with acuminate lateral corners.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina wrinkle-like, connected to occipital carina by lateral elevation; median carina between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae present but sometimes indicated only posteriorly; occipital carina nearly flat medially. Mesoscutellum with granulate sculpture. Metasomal depression not setose, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R vein complete. Female: T6 rounded apically.

Noun, referring to a moon of Jupiter.

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309297]

Holotype, female: GUINEA: Lola Pref., rainforest, Mount Nimba, 07°41–42'N 08°23'W, 514–740m, XII–1990 – III–1991, flight intercept trap, L. Leblanc, OSUC 369403 (deposited in CNCI). Paratypes: (8 females, 3 males) CAMEROON: 2 females, OSUC 369362 (BMNH), 369363 (CNCI). CENTRAL : 3 females, 1 male, OSUC 267414, 369392 (OSUC); OSUC 242798, 320839 (SAMC). CONGO: 1 female, 1 male, OSUC 470506–470507 (OSUC). GUINEA: 1 female, OSUC 369407 (CNCI). NIGERIA: 1 male, OSUC 369382 (BMNH). UGANDA: 1 female, OSUC 369390 (CNCI).

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/420B994F-F83B-421B-9C56-7CDB1A7D2E94

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309298

Figures 40–45 ; Morphbank

Figures 40–45.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 369399) 40 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 41 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 42 Head, anterior view 43 Metasoma, dorsal view. Paratype male (OSUC 369389) 44 Antenna 45 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 3.3–3.85 mm (n = 13).

Radicle color: same as scape. A4: longer than broad. A5: longer than broad; as long as broad. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 1–2 broadly interrupted transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: absent. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: complete as a sharp carina. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: present, complete; present, anteriorly incomplete. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: present as a distinct carina. Area between vertex and occipital carina: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: uniformly rounded. Lateral corners of occipital carina: sharp and protruding corners present.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: present and complete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent; granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate; obliquely rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: absent. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: absent. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight; shallowly emarginate. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: crossed by carinae. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: strongly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: absent. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching middle of T5. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: present. T1 midlobe: obscured by other raised sculpture. T1: with weak anterior bulge that does not closely approach metascutellum. T6: longer than broad. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate; longitudinally striate or rugose. Microsculpture of T6: granulate.

Male. Body length 3.25–3.65 mm (n = 3). A5 tyloid: carina-like, not expanded. A11: longer than broad. T1 midlobe: with 4 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with acuminate lateral corners.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina present and sharp, connected to occipital carina by lateral carina; median carina between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae present but sometimes indicated only posteriorly. Gena with granulate sculpture posteroventrally but not anteroventrally. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture. PageBreakMetasomal depression without setae, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae strongly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R vein complete. Female: A4 longer than broad.

Greek noun, meaning “cup.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309298]

Holotype, female: GUINEA: Lola Pref., Gouan River, rainforest, Mount Nimba, 07°42'N 08°23'W, 514m, 7.I–15.I.1991, flight intercept trap, L. Leblanc, OSUC 369399 (deposited in CNCI). Paratypes: (12 females, 3 males) CAMEROON: 1 female, OSUC 369364 (BMNH). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: 2 females, OSUC 223601, 251693 (SAMC). CONGO: 1 male, OSUC 470505 (OSUC). GABON: 1 female, OSUC 369395 (BMNH). GHANA: 1 female, OSUC 321001 (OSUC). GUINEA: 2 females, OSUC 369405, 369411 (CNCI). IVORY COAST: 1 female, OSUC 369377 (BMNH). NIGERIA: 4 females, 1 male, OSUC 369380–369381 (CNCI); 369378, 369383–369384 (BMNH). UGANDA: 1 male, OSUC 369389 (CNCI).

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/BD17331A-6B17-4530-B540-05A18128AA85

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309299

Figures 46–51 ; Morphbank

Figures 46–51.

sp. n., paratype female (OSUC 369409) 46 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 47 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 48 Head, anterior view 49 Metasoma, dorsal view 50 Propodeum, dorsolateral view. Paratype Male (OSUC 369404) 51 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 3.5–3.7 mm (n = 8).

Radicle color: same as scape. A4: longer than broad. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 3 or more broadly interrupted transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: absent; granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: complete as a sharp carina. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: present, complete. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: present as a distinct carina. Area between vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: sinuate with a more strongly arched median portion. Lateral corners of occipital carina: sharp and protruding corners present.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: present and complete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent; granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: absent. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: granulate. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: crossed by carinae. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: one or more areoles present. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching middle of T6. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: absent. T1 midlobe: with 6 or more longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: broader than long; as long PageBreakas broad. Metasomal apex: rounded; tapering to a sharp point. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of T6: absent.

Male. Body length 3.4–3.65 mm (n = 20). A5 tyloid: carina-like, not expanded. A11: longer than broad. T1 midlobe: with 4 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with acuminate lateral corners.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina present and sharp, connected to occipital carina by lateral carina; median carina present between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae. Gena with granulate sculpture posteroventrally but not anteroventrally. Mesoscutellum with granulate sculpture laterally. Metasomal depression not setose, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R vein complete. Female: A4 longer than broad.

Latin noun, genitive case, meaning “moon.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309299]

Holotype, female: CAMEROON: Nkoemvom, VIII–1980, malaise trap, D. Jackson, OSUC 369365 (deposited in BMNH). Paratypes: (23 females, 57 males) CAMEROON: 15 males, OSUC 369340, 369342–369346, 369360 (CNCI), OSUC 369341, 369347–369352, 369359 (BMNH). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: 20 females, 27 males, OSUC 369391, 223802, 242799, 282894, 282896, 320854, 369393 (CNCI); OSUC 176083, 218855, 233095–233096, 320840–320841, 320845, 320847, 320849–320853, 320855, 369385, 369394 (OSUC); OSUC 176091, 218850, 223639, 223801, 225982–225985, 251694–251698, 267415–267417, 282879, 282895, 317893, 320838, 320842–320844, 320846, 320848 (SAMC). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 6 males, OSUC 369335–369339 (CNCI); OSUC 268178 (USNM). GHANA: 4 males, OSUC 369386–369387 (CNCI); OSUC 435286 (OSUC). GUINEA: 1 female, 5 males, OSUC 369400–369401, 369404, 369406, 369408–369409 (CNCI). SIERRA LEONE: 1 female, OSUC 462603 (MZLU). TOGO: 1 female, OSUC 320828 (BMNH).

is by far the most commonly collected species of its genus from Africa, although nearly all known specimens are male. It is very similar to , but after extensive comparison of the two series we concluded that they are different species. The chief difference is the considerably more granulate sculpture of , which occurs in conjunction with lower and more rounded (therefore, less sharp and less distinctive) carinae, especially the hyperoccipital and mesoscutellar disc carinae. These features are accompanied by some more vague and less easily described differences in eye shape, mesosomal and metasomal sclerite shape, and metasomal sculpture.

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/378ACB70-2B66-476E-8E7C-1F4AA4856FFC

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/312620

Figures 52–57 ; Morphbank

Figures 52–57.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 369379) 52 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 53 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 54 Head, anterior view 55 Metasoma, dorsal view 56 Propodeum, dorsal view 57 Propodeum, dorsolateral view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 4.8 mm (n = 1).

Radicle color: darker than scape. A4: broader than long. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: without transverse or oblique carinae below submedian carina. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: absent. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: wrinkle-like. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area PageBreakbetween vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: with nearly flat angular median portion. Lateral corners of occipital carina: sharp and protruding corners present.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: steep. Mesoscutal median carina: absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: granulate. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: flat or convex. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: rugose. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: crossed by carinae; foveate or rugose. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: present. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: absent. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: absent. Fore wing apex: reaching apex of T5. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: absent. T1 midlobe: with 4 longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: longer than broad. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of T6: granulate.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina wrinkle-like, not connected to occipital carina laterally; median carina between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae absent; occipital carina nearly flat medially. Mesoscutellum with granulate sculpture. Metasomal depression setose, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R vein complete. Female: T6 rounded apically.

Latin noun, genitive case.

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=312620]

Holotype, female: NIGERIA: Oyo St., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, XI–1987, pan trap, J. S. Noyes, OSUC 369379 (deposited in BMNH).

strongly resembles , and they both vaguely resemble . These three species together may form a monophyletic species complex, but such a grouping would currently be difficult to fully distinguish from similar African species. It can be roughly defined by the medially more or less flat occipital carina, but this feature in is variable and sometimes not greatly different from that of some excluded African species.

The shape of the head of this species and the carinate margin of the antennal scribe make it superficially similar to the genus Förster. The fore wing venation, however, makes it clear that this is an : it lacks elongate marginal and postmarginal veins, and the stigma vein arises from the upturned apical portion of the submarginal vein.

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/307734E3-F87F-44F8-A004-E828FB52908B

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309300

Figures 58–61 ; Morphbank

Figures 58–61.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 369388) 58 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 59 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 60 Head, anterior view 61 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 3.5 mm (n = 1).

Radicle color: same as scape. A4: longer than broad. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 3 or more broadly interrupted transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: complete as a sharp carina. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: present, complete. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: present as a distinct carina. Area between vertex and occipital carina: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: sinuate with a more strongly arched median portion. Lateral corners of occipital carina: sharp and protruding corners present.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: present and complete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent; granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: granulate. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: crossed by carinae. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: one or more areoles present. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: median carina present. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching beyond T6. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: absent. T1 midlobe: with 5 longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: longer than broad. Metasomal apex: tapering to a sharp point. Major sculpture of T6: longitudinally striate or rugose. Microsculpture of T6: granulate.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina present and sharp, connected to occipital carina by lateral carina; median carina present between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae. Gena with granulate sculpture posteroventrally but not anteroventrally. Mesoscutellum with granulate sculpture throughout. Metasomal depression without setae, with median carina; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R vein complete. Female: A4 longer than broad.

Latin noun, genitive case, meaning “dust.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309300]

Holotype, female: RWANDA: primary rainforest, Nyungwe Forest, 02°46’10”S 29°21’09”E, 24.VIII–26.VIII.1993, pan trap/flight intercept trap/malaise trap, L. Leblanc, OSUC 369388 (deposited in CNCI).

See the discussion under for comparison of these two very similar species.

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/372D126A-218D-4044-B4AD-F5C84DEC6924

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309301

Figures 62–67 ; Morphbank

Female. Body length 2.95–3.55 mm (n = 4).

Radicle color: same as scape. A4: longer than broad. A5: longer than broad. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 1–2 broadly interrupted transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of gena posPageBreakteroventrally: absent; umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: wrinkle-like. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Occipital carina medially: uniformly rounded. Lateral corners of occipital carina: absent.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major PageBreaksculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate; longitudinally rugose. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: absent. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: absent. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: shallowly emarginate. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: foveate or rugose. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: present. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: one or more areoles present. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching middle of T6; reaching apex of T6. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: absent. T1 midlobe: with 5 longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: broader than long. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of T6: granulate.

Male. Body length 2.7–3.15 mm (n = 5). A5 tyloid: carina-like, not expanded. A11: longer than broad. T1 midlobe: with 4 longitudinal carinae. Metasomal apex: with acuminate lateral corners.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina wrinkle-like, not connected to occipital carina laterally; median carina between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae absent. Gena with granulate sculpture anteroventrally and posteroventrally. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture. Metasomal depression setose, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R vein complete. Female: A4 longer than broad.

Latin noun (4th declension), genitive case, meaning “the act of shaking.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309301]

Holotype, female: GUINEA: Lola Pref., Gouan River, rainforest, Mount Nimba, 07°42'N 08°23'W, 514m, 7.I–15.I.1991, flight intercept trap, L. Leblanc, OSUC 369398 (deposited in CNCI). Paratypes: (3 females, 5 males) CAMEROON: 1 female, OSUC 369361 (BMNH). GHANA: 1 male, OSUC 429536 (OSUC). GUINEA: 4 males, OSUC 369396–369397, 369402, 369410 (CNCI). SOMALIA: 2 females, OSUC 369412–369413 (CNCI).

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/936A2811-698F-49A3-8ACF-C3DCA5D61F7F

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309304

Figures 68–71 ; Morphbank

Figures 68–71.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 381658) 68 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 69 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 70 Head, anterior view 71 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 3.2–3.35 mm (n = 4).

Radicle color: same as scape; darker than scape. A4: broader than long; as long as broad. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 2–4 complete transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: absent; granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: wrinkle-like. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: present, complete. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: present as a rounded elevation. Area between vertex and occipital carina: rugose; umbilicate-punctate. Occipital carina medially: with nearly flat angular median portion. Lateral corners of occipital carina: sharp and protruding corners present.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: steep. Mesoscutal median carina: present and complete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: absent. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: absent. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: absent. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: PageBreakshallowly emarginate. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: foveate or rugose. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: absent. Anterior areoles of metasomal depression: absent. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching middle of T5; reaching apex of T5. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): not interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: absent. T1 midlobe: with 5 longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: broader than long. Metasomal apex: tapering to a sharp point. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of T6: absent; granulate.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina wrinkle-like, connected to occipital carina by lateral elevation; median carina between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae present. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture. Metasomal depression without setae, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R vein complete. Female: A4 broader than long; T6 sharply acuminate apically.

Latin noun, genitive case, meaning “dart.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309304]

Holotype, female: KENYA: Eastern Prov., nr. Ewaso Ngiro River, next to headquarters, riverine forest, Samburu National Reserve, 00.56797°N 37.53563°E, 874m, 18.IX–2.X.2007, malaise trap, R. Copeland, OSUC 381658 (deposited in NMKE). Paratypes: KENYA: 3 females, OSUC 381659 (NMKE); OSUC 381657 (OSUC); OSUC 381657 (USNM).

Burks sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/AB2F63F2-0E61-4C82-9469-3D242ED29D44

http://bioguid.osu.edu/xbiod_concepts/309302

Figures 72–77 ; Morphbank

Figures 72–77.

sp. n., holotype female (OSUC 369376) 72 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 73 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 74 Head, anterior view 75 Propodeum, dorsal view 76 Propodeum, dorsolateral view 77 Metasoma, dorsal view. Morphbank

Female. Body length 3.15–3.35 mm (n = 2).

Radicle color: darker than scape. A4: longer than broad. A5: broader than long. Upper frons: not hood-like. Frontal depression sculpture: with 2–4 complete transverse carinae. Median longitudinal elevation in frontal depression: absent. Major sculpture of gena anteroventrally: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Major sculpture of gena posteroventrally: absent; rugose. Microsculpture of gena anteroventrally: granulate. Microsculpture of gena posteroventrally: granulate. Hyperoccipital carina: wrinkle-like. Median carina extending posteriorly from hyperoccipital carina: absent. Lateral connection between hyperoccipital and occipital carinae: absent. Area between vertex and occipital carina: umbilicate-foveate; rugose. Occipital carina medially: uniformly rounded. Lateral corners of occipital carina: absent.

Mesoscutum anteriorly: not steep. Mesoscutal median carina: absent or incomplete. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Major sculpture of mesoscutal midlobe posteriorly: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe anteriorly: granulate. Microsculpture of mesoscutal midlobe PageBreakposteriorly: absent; granulate. Major sculpture of mesoscutellum: umbilicate-foveate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum medially: punctate. Microsculpture of mesoscutellum laterally: punctate. Number of carinae crossing femoral depression: 4 or more. Mesepimeral sulcus pits: more than 5. Setae along anterior limit of femoral depression: arising from rows of foveae. Metascutellum dorsally: concave. Metascutellar sculpture centrally: smooth. Metascutellar apex: convex or straight. Metapleuron above ventral metapleural area: foveate or rugose. Lateral propodeal carinae antero-medially: weakly diverging. Metasomal depression setae: present. Anterior areoles of metasomal PageBreakdepression: one or more areoles present. Anterior longitudinal carinae in metasomal depression: absent. Postmarginal vein: present. Fore wing apex: reaching middle of T6; reaching apex of T6. Hind wing vein (Sc+R): interrupted.

Carinae between T1 midlobe and T1 lateral carina: absent. T1 midlobe: with 6 or more longitudinal carinae. T1: without anterior bulge. T6: broader than long. Metasomal apex: rounded. Major sculpture of T6: umbilicate-punctate. Microsculpture of T6: granulate.

Both sexes: Hyperoccipital carina wrinkle-like, not connected to occipital carina laterally or medially. Gena with granulate sculpture anteroventrally and posteroventrally. Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture, with some punctate sculpture between foveae. Metasomal depression setose, without median carina; lateral propodeal carinae weakly diverging. Hind wing Sc+R interrupted. T1 without carinae between midlobe and lateral carina. Female: A4 longer than broad.

Latin noun, genitive case, meaning “a present intended for a guest.”

[http://hol.osu.edu/map-full.html?id=309302]

Holotype, female: MALAWI: Chitipa Dist., 18km SSE Chisenga, Jembya Forest Reserve, 10°08'S 33°27'E, 1870m, 1.I–10.I.1989, J. Rawlins & S. Thompson, OSUC 369376 (deposited in CNCI). Paratype: MALAWI: 1 female, OSUC 369375 (CNCI).

1	Hind wing vein (Sc+R) incomplete, broadly interrupted between base and apex (Fig. 4, 77). (bicolor species group)	2
–	Hind wing vein (Sc+R) complete (Figs 55, 66–67)	5
2	Metasomal depression setose (Figs 10, 32–33, 56–57, 65, 75–76)	3
–	Metasomal depression not setose (Figs 21, 49)	4
3	T1 without carinae between midlobe and lateral areas (Figs 75–77)	Oxyscelio xenii Burks, sp. n.
–	T1 with one or more longitudinal carinae between midlobe and lateral areas (Figs 9–10)	Oxyscelio bicolor (Szabó)
4	Metascutellum much broader than long (Fig. 3); female T1 with very long anterior horn (Figs 3, 5)	Oxyscelio absentiae Burks, sp. n.
–	Metascutellum about as broad as long (Fig. 23); female T1 without anterior horn (Figs 23, 25)	Oxyscelio idoli Burks, sp. n.
5	Metascutellum triangular, acuminate posteriorly (Fig. 13). (cuculli group)	Oxyscelio galeri Burks, sp. n.
–	Metascutellum not triangular, not acuminate apically (Figs 17, 32–33, 41, 47, 49, 56–57, 59, 65, 69)	6
6	Metasomal depression setose (Figs 32–33, 56–57, 65)	7
–	Metasomal depression not setose (Fig. 21) (crateris group, in part)	9
7	Occipital carina medially flat (Fig. 53) (crateris group, in part)	Oxyscelio nemesis Burks, sp. n.
–	Occipital carina medially arched (Fig. 29)	8
8	Hyperoccipital carina indicated by a set of complete wrinkle-like carinae (Fig. 29)	Oxyscelio intensionis Burks, sp. n.
–	Hyperoccipital carina absent (Figs 62–63)	Oxyscelio quassus Burks, sp. n.
9	Mesoscutellum with some granulate sculpture (Figs 35, 47, 59)	10
–	Mesoscutellum without granulate sculpture (Figs 17, 41, 69)	12
10	Frontal depression with median longitudinal carina-like elevation arising from interantennal process (Fig. 36)	Oxyscelio io Burks, sp. n.
–	Frontal depression without median longitudinal carina-like elevation (Figs 48, 60)	11
11	Head and mesosomal dorsum with sharp carinae and less extensive granulate sculpture (Figs 46–47)	Oxyscelio lunae Burks, sp. n.
–	Head and mesosomal dorsum with weak carinae and more extensive granulate sculpture (Figs 58–59)	Oxyscelio pulveris Burks, sp. n.
12	Occipital carina medially flat (Fig. 69)	Oxyscelio teli Burks, sp. n.
–	Occipital carina arched or sinuate medially (Figs 17, 41).	13
13	Occipital carina with sharp lateral corners, connected to hyperoccipital carina laterally (Fig. 41)	Oxyscelio kylix Burks, sp. n.
–	Occipital carina without lateral corners, not connected to hyperoccipital carina laterally (Fig. 17)	Oxyscelio gyri Burks, sp. n.

Matrix

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
Bracalba cuneata	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	1
Oxyscelio absentiae	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	3	1	0	?	?
Oxyscelio bicolor	2	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	2	0	0	0	0
Oxyscelio galeri	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	?	?	?	0	1
Oxyscelio gyri	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	[12]	0	0	0	0
Oxyscelio idoli	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	2	0	0	0	0
Oxyscelio intensionis	2	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	?	?	?	0	1
Oxyscelio io	2	[02]	0	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Oxyscelio kylix	0	[12]	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	3	2	0	0	0
Oxyscelio lunae	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	2	0	[01]	0	0
Oxyscelio nemesis	2	0	0	2	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	?	?
Oxyscelio pulveris	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?
Oxyscelio quassus	2	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0
Oxyscelio teli	2	1	2	2	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	?	?
Oxyscelio xenii	2	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	2	0	0	?	?