Genetic factors conferring metastasis in osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a deadly bone malignancy affecting mostly children and adolescents. OS has outstandingly complex genetic alterations likely due to p53-independent genomic instability. Based on analysis of recent published research we claim existence of various genetic mechanisms of osteosarcomagenesis conferring great variability to different OS properties including metastatic potential. We also propose a model explaining how diverse genetic mechanisms occur and providing a framework for future research. P53-independent preexisting genomic instability, which precedes and frequently causes TP53 genetic alterations, is central in our model. In addition, our analyses reveal a possible cooperation between aberrantly activated HIF-1α and AP-1 genetic pathways in OS metastasis. We also review the involvement of noncoding RNA genes in OS metastasis.