Emilie Courtois1, Patricia Cimerman2, Valérie Dubuche3, Marie-France Goiset4, Claire Orfèvre5, Audrey Lagarde6, Betty Sgaggero7, Céline Guiot8, Mélanie Goussot9, Etienne Huraux10, Marie-Christine Nanquette11, Céline Butel12, Anne-Marie Ferreira13, Sylvie Lacoste14, Sandrine Séjourné15, Valérie Jolly16, Gladys Lajoie17, Valérie Maillard18, Romain Guedj19, Hélène Chappuy20, Ricardo Carbajal21. 1. Emergency Department, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France; Inserm UMR 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, France. Electronic address: emilie.courtois@aphp.fr. 2. Centre National de Ressources de lutte contre la Douleur, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France. 3. NICU, Hôpital André Grégoire, Montreuil, France. 4. NICU, Institut de puériculture et de périnatalogie, Paris, France. 5. PICU, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France. 6. NICU, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France. 7. NICU, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France. 8. NICU, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France. 9. NICU, Hôpital Louise Michel, Evry, France. 10. NICU, Hôpital Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France. 11. PICU, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France. 12. NICU, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France. 13. NICU, Intercommunal de Poissy, Poissy, France. 14. PICU, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France. 15. NICU, Centre Hospitalier de Meaux, Meaux, France. 16. NICU, Centre Hospitalier Delafontaine, Saint-Denis, France. 17. NICU, Centre Hospitalier René Dubos, Cergy Pontoise, France. 18. NICU, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France. 19. Emergency Department, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France; Inserm UMR 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, France. 20. Emergency Department, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France; UPMC, Paris, France. 21. Emergency Department, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France; Inserm UMR 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, DHU Risks in Pregnancy, Paris Descartes University, France; UPMC, Paris, France.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Newborns in intensive care units (ICUs) undergo numerous painful procedures including venipunctures. Skin-breaking procedures have been associated with adverse neurodevelopment long-term effects in very preterm neonates. The venipuncture frequency and its real bedside pain management treatment are not well known in this setting. OBJECTIVES: To describe venipuncture frequency, its pain intensity, and the analgesic approach in ICU newborns; to determine the factors associated with the lack of preprocedural analgesia and with a high pain score during venipuncture. DESIGN: Further analysis of EPIPPAIN 2 (Epidemiology of Procedural Pain In Neonates), which is a descriptive prospective epidemiologic study. SETTING: All 16 neonatal and pediatric ICUs in the Paris region in France. PARTICIPANTS: All newborns in the ICU with a maximum corrected age under 45 weeks of gestation on admission who had at least one venipuncture during the study period. METHODS: Data on all venipunctures, their pain score assessed with the DAN scale and their corresponding analgesic therapies were prospectively collected. The inclusion period lasted six weeks, from June 2, 2011, to July 12, 2011. Newborns were followed from their admission to the 14th day of their ICU stay or discharge, whichever occurred first. RESULTS: 495 newborns who underwent venipunctures were included. The mean (SD) gestational age was 33.0 (4.4) weeks and duration of participation was 8.0 (4.5) days. A total of 257 (51.9%) neonates were very preterm (<33 weeks). The mean (SD; range) number of venipunctures per neonate during the study period was 3.8 (2.8; 1-19) for all neonates and 4.1 (2.9; 1-17) for neonates <33 weeks. Of the 1887 venipunctures, 1164 (61.7%) were performed successfully in one attempt, 437 (23.2%) with continuous analgesia, 1434 (76.0%) with specific preprocedural analgesia. In multivariate models, lack of preprocedural analgesia was associated with higher disease-severity score, intrauterine growth retardation, invasive or noninvasive ventilation, venipuncture performed on the first day of hospitalization or at nighttime, and the use of continuous sedation/analgesia. High pain scores were significantly associated with absence of parents during procedures, surgery during the study period, and higher number of attempts. CONCLUSIONS: Venipuncture is very frequent in preterm and term neonates in the ICUs. 76% were performed with preprocedural analgesia. Strategies to reduce the number of attempts and to promote parental presence seem necessary.
BACKGROUND: Newborns in intensive care units (ICUs) undergo numerous painful procedures including venipunctures. Skin-breaking procedures have been associated with adverse neurodevelopment long-term effects in very preterm neonates. The venipuncture frequency and its real bedside pain management treatment are not well known in this setting. OBJECTIVES: To describe venipuncture frequency, its pain intensity, and the analgesic approach in ICU newborns; to determine the factors associated with the lack of preprocedural analgesia and with a high pain score during venipuncture. DESIGN: Further analysis of EPIPPAIN 2 (Epidemiology of Procedural Pain In Neonates), which is a descriptive prospective epidemiologic study. SETTING: All 16 neonatal and pediatric ICUs in the Paris region in France. PARTICIPANTS: All newborns in the ICU with a maximum corrected age under 45 weeks of gestation on admission who had at least one venipuncture during the study period. METHODS: Data on all venipunctures, their pain score assessed with the DAN scale and their corresponding analgesic therapies were prospectively collected. The inclusion period lasted six weeks, from June 2, 2011, to July 12, 2011. Newborns were followed from their admission to the 14th day of their ICU stay or discharge, whichever occurred first. RESULTS: 495 newborns who underwent venipunctures were included. The mean (SD) gestational age was 33.0 (4.4) weeks and duration of participation was 8.0 (4.5) days. A total of 257 (51.9%) neonates were very preterm (<33 weeks). The mean (SD; range) number of venipunctures per neonate during the study period was 3.8 (2.8; 1-19) for all neonates and 4.1 (2.9; 1-17) for neonates <33 weeks. Of the 1887 venipunctures, 1164 (61.7%) were performed successfully in one attempt, 437 (23.2%) with continuous analgesia, 1434 (76.0%) with specific preprocedural analgesia. In multivariate models, lack of preprocedural analgesia was associated with higher disease-severity score, intrauterine growth retardation, invasive or noninvasive ventilation, venipuncture performed on the first day of hospitalization or at nighttime, and the use of continuous sedation/analgesia. High pain scores were significantly associated with absence of parents during procedures, surgery during the study period, and higher number of attempts. CONCLUSIONS: Venipuncture is very frequent in preterm and term neonates in the ICUs. 76% were performed with preprocedural analgesia. Strategies to reduce the number of attempts and to promote parental presence seem necessary.
Authors: Christopher McPherson; Adam Frymoyer; Cynthia M Ortinau; Steven P Miller; Floris Groenendaal Journal: Semin Fetal Neonatal Med Date: 2021-06-23 Impact factor: 3.926