Jamie M Kawadler1, Jonathan D Clayden1, Chris A Clark1, Fenella J Kirkham1,2. 1. Developmental Neurosciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. 2. Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Abstract
AIM: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the commonest cause of childhood stroke worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely used to detect additional silent cerebral infarction (SCI), as IQ is lower in SCI as well as stroke. This review assesses the effect of infarction on IQ, and specifically whether, compared to healthy controls, IQ differences are seen in children with SCI with no apparent MRI abnormality. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted to include articles with an SCD paediatric population, MRI information, and Wechsler IQ. A meta-analysis of 19 articles was performed to compare IQ in three groups: stroke vs SCI; SCI vs no SCI; and no SCI vs healthy controls. RESULTS: Mean differences in IQ between all three groups were significant: stroke patients had lower IQ than patients with SCI by 10 points (six studies); patients with SCI had lower IQ than no patients with SCI by 6 points (17 studies); and no patients with SCI had lower IQ than healthy controls by 7 points (seven studies). INTERPRETATION: Children with SCD and no apparent MRI abnormality have significantly lower IQ than healthy controls. In this chronic condition, other biological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors must play a significant role in cognition.
AIM: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the commonest cause of childhood stroke worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely used to detect additional silent cerebral infarction (SCI), as IQ is lower in SCI as well as stroke. This review assesses the effect of infarction on IQ, and specifically whether, compared to healthy controls, IQ differences are seen in children with SCI with no apparent MRI abnormality. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted to include articles with an SCD paediatric population, MRI information, and Wechsler IQ. A meta-analysis of 19 articles was performed to compare IQ in three groups: stroke vs SCI; SCI vs no SCI; and no SCI vs healthy controls. RESULTS: Mean differences in IQ between all three groups were significant: strokepatients had lower IQ than patients with SCI by 10 points (six studies); patients with SCI had lower IQ than no patients with SCI by 6 points (17 studies); and no patients with SCI had lower IQ than healthy controls by 7 points (seven studies). INTERPRETATION:Children with SCD and no apparent MRI abnormality have significantly lower IQ than healthy controls. In this chronic condition, other biological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors must play a significant role in cognition.
Authors: Kemar V Prussien; Auwal Salihu; Shehu U Abdullahi; Najibah A Galadanci; Khadija Bulama; Raymond O Belonwu; Fenella J Kirkham; Janet Yarboi; Heather Bemis; Michael R DeBaun; Bruce E Compas Journal: Child Neuropsychol Date: 2018-10-01 Impact factor: 2.500
Authors: Eboni I Lance; Alicia D Cannon; Bruce K Shapiro; Li-Ching Lee; Michael V Johnston; James F Casella Journal: J Dev Behav Pediatr Date: 2021-08-01 Impact factor: 2.988
Authors: Jo Howard; April E Slee; Simon Skene; Baba Inusa; Jamie Kawadler; Michelle Downes; Johanna Gavlak; Melanie Koelbel; Hanne Stotesbury; Maria Chorozoglou; Susan Tebbs; Subarna Chakravorty; Moji Awogbade; David C Rees; Atul Gupta; Patrick B Murphy; Nicholas Hart; Sati Sahota; Carol Nwosu; Maureen Gwam; Dawn Saunders; Vivek Muthurangu; Nathaniel Barber; Emmanuel Ako; Swee Lay Thein; Melanie Marshall; Isabel C Reading; Man Ying Edith Cheng; Fenella J Kirkham; Christina Liossi Journal: Trials Date: 2018-01-22 Impact factor: 2.279
Authors: Christina R Cahill; Justin M Leach; Leslie A McClure; Marguerite Ryan Irvin; Neil A Zakai; Rakhi Naik; Frederick Unverzagt; Virginia G Wadley; Hyacinth I Hyacinth; Jennifer Manly; Suzanne E Judd; Cheryl Winkler; Mary Cushman Journal: EClinicalMedicine Date: 2019-05-24
Authors: Julie Coloigner; Yeun Kim; Adam Bush; Soyoung Choi; Melissa C Balderrama; Thomas D Coates; Sharon H O'Neil; Natasha Lepore; John C Wood Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-10-05 Impact factor: 3.240