Geneviève Boulet1, Elise M Halpern1, Leif E Lovblom1, Alanna Weisman1, Johnny-Wei Bai1, Devrim Eldelekli1, Hillary A Keenan2, Michael H Brent3, Narinder Paul4, Vera Bril5, David Z I Cherney6, Bruce A Perkins1. 1. 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada . 2. 2 Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston, Massachusetts. 3. 3 Departments of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences and of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto , Ontario, Canada . 4. 4 Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Cardiothoracic Radiology, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario, Canada . 5. 5 The Ellen and Martin Prosserman Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada . 6. 6 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine cross-sectional insulin pump prevalence and factors associated with measures of glycemic control as a secondary analysis in a long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) national cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Canadian participants with ≥50 years of T1DM (n = 305) were administered a comprehensive mail-based questionnaire including acquisition of contemporaneous laboratory results. Factors associated with pump use, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and hypoglycemia were analyzed by regression. RESULTS: The 305 participants had a median age of 65 [interquartile range, 59, 71] years, median diabetes duration of 54 [51, 59] years, and mean HbA1c level of 7.5 ± 1.1%. Prevalence of pump use was 44% (133/305), with median duration of use 8 [4, 13] years. Compared with the non-pump subgroup, the pump subgroup had numerically lower but similar HbA1c levels (7.4 ± 0.9% vs. 7.6 ± 1.2%; P = 0.22) and reported greater numbers of minor hypoglycemia events (6.5 vs. 5.1 events/patient·month; P = 0.004) and fewer severe hypoglycemia events (0.5 vs. 1.3 events/patient·year; P = 0.02) in the past year. More frequent daily glucose tests and more frequent minor hypoglycemia events-but not pump therapy or its prescription parameters-were independently associated with lower HbA1c level in multivariable regression. However, use of insulin pump and habitual use of continuous glucose monitoring (≥1 week/month) were each independently associated with lower risk of severe hypoglycemia (risk ratio = 0.50 [P < 0.0001] and 0.30 [P = 0.001], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring technologies were associated with lower risk of severe hypoglycemia, while frequent daily glucose testing was associated with lower HbA1c level. These findings imply that basic self-management skill and technology play complementary roles in glycemic control among older adults with long-standing T1DM.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine cross-sectional insulin pump prevalence and factors associated with measures of glycemic control as a secondary analysis in a long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) national cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Canadian participants with ≥50 years of T1DM (n = 305) were administered a comprehensive mail-based questionnaire including acquisition of contemporaneous laboratory results. Factors associated with pump use, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and hypoglycemia were analyzed by regression. RESULTS: The 305 participants had a median age of 65 [interquartile range, 59, 71] years, median diabetes duration of 54 [51, 59] years, and mean HbA1c level of 7.5 ± 1.1%. Prevalence of pump use was 44% (133/305), with median duration of use 8 [4, 13] years. Compared with the non-pump subgroup, the pump subgroup had numerically lower but similar HbA1c levels (7.4 ± 0.9% vs. 7.6 ± 1.2%; P = 0.22) and reported greater numbers of minor hypoglycemia events (6.5 vs. 5.1 events/patient·month; P = 0.004) and fewer severe hypoglycemia events (0.5 vs. 1.3 events/patient·year; P = 0.02) in the past year. More frequent daily glucose tests and more frequent minor hypoglycemia events-but not pump therapy or its prescription parameters-were independently associated with lower HbA1c level in multivariable regression. However, use of insulin pump and habitual use of continuous glucose monitoring (≥1 week/month) were each independently associated with lower risk of severe hypoglycemia (risk ratio = 0.50 [P < 0.0001] and 0.30 [P = 0.001], respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring technologies were associated with lower risk of severe hypoglycemia, while frequent daily glucose testing was associated with lower HbA1c level. These findings imply that basic self-management skill and technology play complementary roles in glycemic control among older adults with long-standing T1DM.
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