Laura S Park1, Christie L Burton2, Annie Dupuis3, Janet Shan1, Eric A Storch4, Jennifer Crosbie5, Russell J Schachar5, Paul D Arnold6. 1. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. 2. Genetics and Genome Biology Program at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. 3. Clinical research services at the Hospital for Sick Children and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto. 4. Health Policy and Management, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, and Psychology at the University of South Florida, Tampa; Rogers Behavioural Health in Tampa, and All Children's Hospital John's Hopkins Medicine in St. Petersburg, FL. 5. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto. 6. Genetics and Genome Biology Program at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; University of Toronto; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. Electronic address: paul.arnold@ucalgary.ca.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the Toronto Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (TOCS), a novel 21-item parent- or self-report questionnaire that covers wide variation in obsessive-compulsive (OC) traits, and to evaluate its psychometric properties in a community-based pediatric sample. METHOD: The TOCS was completed for 16,718 children and adolescents between the ages of 6 and 17 years in a community setting. Internal consistency, convergent validity with the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale of the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL-OCS), divergent validity with the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) Symptoms and Normal Behaviour Rating Scale (SWAN), interrater reliability, as well as sensitivity and specificity of the TOCS were assessed. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the 21 TOCS items was excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.94). TOCS was moderately correlated with the CBCL-OCS (Spearman correlation = 0.51) and poorly correlated with the SWAN (Pearson correlation = 0.02). Sensitivity and specificity analyses indicated that a TOCS total score of greater than 0 successfully discriminated community-reported obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) cases from noncases. OC traits were continuously distributed both at the total score and dimensional level in our pediatric community sample. CONCLUSION: TOCS is a multidimensional measure of OC traits in children and adolescents with sound psychometric properties. TOCS reveals that OC traits are common and continuously distributed in a community sample. TOCS may be a useful measure for studies of the characteristics and etiology of OC traits.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the Toronto Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (TOCS), a novel 21-item parent- or self-report questionnaire that covers wide variation in obsessive-compulsive (OC) traits, and to evaluate its psychometric properties in a community-based pediatric sample. METHOD: The TOCS was completed for 16,718 children and adolescents between the ages of 6 and 17 years in a community setting. Internal consistency, convergent validity with the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale of the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL-OCS), divergent validity with the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) Symptoms and Normal Behaviour Rating Scale (SWAN), interrater reliability, as well as sensitivity and specificity of the TOCS were assessed. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the 21 TOCS items was excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.94). TOCS was moderately correlated with the CBCL-OCS (Spearman correlation = 0.51) and poorly correlated with the SWAN (Pearson correlation = 0.02). Sensitivity and specificity analyses indicated that a TOCS total score of greater than 0 successfully discriminated community-reported obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) cases from noncases. OC traits were continuously distributed both at the total score and dimensional level in our pediatric community sample. CONCLUSION: TOCS is a multidimensional measure of OC traits in children and adolescents with sound psychometric properties. TOCS reveals that OC traits are common and continuously distributed in a community sample. TOCS may be a useful measure for studies of the characteristics and etiology of OC traits.
Authors: Amy L Friedman; Ashley Burgess; Karthik Ramaseshan; Phil Easter; Dalal Khatib; Asadur Chowdury; Paul D Arnold; Gregory L Hanna; David R Rosenberg; Vaibhav A Diwadkar Journal: Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging Date: 2016-12-13 Impact factor: 2.376
Authors: Luiza Kvitko Axelrud; Diogo Araújo DeSousa; Gisele Gus Manfro; Pedro Mario Pan; Ana Cláudia Knackfuss; Jair de Jesus Mari; Eurípedes Constantino Miguel; Luis Augusto Rohde; Giovanni Abrahão Salum Journal: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol Date: 2017-05-31 Impact factor: 4.328
Authors: Grace R Jacobs; Aristotle N Voineskos; Colin Hawco; Laura Stefanik; Natalie J Forde; Erin W Dickie; Meng-Chuan Lai; Peter Szatmari; Russell Schachar; Jennifer Crosbie; Paul D Arnold; Anna Goldenberg; Lauren Erdman; Stephanie H Ameis Journal: Neuropsychopharmacology Date: 2020-11-09 Impact factor: 7.853
Authors: Danielle A Baribeau; Annie Dupuis; Tara A Paton; Christopher Hammill; Stephen W Scherer; Russell J Schachar; Paul D Arnold; Peter Szatmari; Rob Nicolson; Stelios Georgiades; Jennifer Crosbie; Jessica Brian; Alana Iaboni; Azadeh Kushki; Jason P Lerch; Evdokia Anagnostou Journal: Transl Psychiatry Date: 2019-02-04 Impact factor: 6.222
Authors: Alexandra Mogadam; Anne E Keller; Paul D Arnold; Russell Schachar; Jason P Lerch; Evdokia Anagnostou; Elizabeth W Pang Journal: J Neurodev Disord Date: 2019-08-19 Impact factor: 4.025
Authors: Janita Bralten; Joanna Widomska; Barbara Franke; Geert Poelmans; Ward De Witte; Dongmei Yu; Carol A Mathews; Jeremiah M Scharf; Jan Buitelaar; Jennifer Crosbie; Russell Schachar; Paul Arnold; Mathieu Lemire; Christie L Burton Journal: Transl Psychiatry Date: 2020-04-27 Impact factor: 6.222
Authors: Christie L Burton; Laura S Park; Elizabeth C Corfield; Nadine Forget-Dubois; Annie Dupuis; Vanessa M Sinopoli; Janet Shan; Tara Goodale; S-M Shaheen; Jennifer Crosbie; Russell J Schachar; Paul D Arnold Journal: Transl Psychiatry Date: 2018-09-18 Impact factor: 6.222
Authors: Sarah J Goodman; Christie L Burton; Darci T Butcher; Michelle T Siu; Mathieu Lemire; Eric Chater-Diehl; Andrei L Turinsky; Michael Brudno; Noam Soreni; David Rosenberg; Kate D Fitzgerald; Gregory L Hanna; Evdokia Anagnostou; Paul D Arnold; Jennifer Crosbie; Russell Schachar; Rosanna Weksberg Journal: J Neurodev Disord Date: 2020-08-16 Impact factor: 4.025
Authors: Eun Jung Choi; Marlee M Vandewouw; Margot J Taylor; Paul D Arnold; Jessica Brian; Jennifer Crosbie; Elizabeth Kelley; Meng-Chuan Lai; Xudong Liu; Russell J Schachar; Jason P Lerch; Evdokia Anagnostou Journal: Neuroimage Clin Date: 2020-10-27 Impact factor: 4.881