Literature DB >> 27014978

[Clinical and laboratory characteristics and treatment option for Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with ABL kinase domain mutations].

Wenzhi Cai1, Bin Liu, Yang Xu, Suning Chen, Aining Sun, Jun He, Hongjie Shen, Depei Wu.   

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical, cytogenetical and molecular characteristics and prognosis of Ph(+) ALL patients with ABL kinase domain mutations (ABL-KDMs), and to evaluate the therapeutic value of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in these patients.
METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical features, molecular genetic characteristics, mutation distribution and prognosis of newly diagnosed Ph(+) ALL patients with ABL-KDMs from February 2010 to August 2014 were performed, and the efficacy of treatment regimen of allo-HSCT combined with different TKIs was compared.
RESULTS: Of 88 Ph(+) ALL patients during maintenance treatment stage for ABL-KDMs monitoring, mutation was detected in 42 patients with median time of 8 months from diagnosis to mutation occurrence. The median age of mutation group was 40-year-old, older than that of non-mutation group (32.5-year-old) (P=0.023). The incidence of complex chromosome abnormality of mutation group was higher than that of non-mutation group (P=0.043), with alternations in chromosome 7, 5 and +Ph more frequently observed. There were 21 types of mutation at 18 locations detected, with T315I mutation ranking the top followed by E255K/V, Y253H/F and E459K. Mutation group featured no significant difference in complete remission (CR) rate in contrast to nonmutation group, but was remarkably lower in major molecular remission (MMR) rate than non-mutation group. The 2 year and 5 year overall survival rate of mutation group was 45.4% and 35.0% respectively, much shorter than that of non-mutation group (67.8% and 63.3%), (P=0.047). The median survival of patients with T315I and E255K/V was 19 and 10 months, significantly shorter than that of patients with other mutations. Among the 42 patients with mutations, 14 underwent allo-HSCT, and the median survival was 29 months, longer than that of patients received chemotherapy alone (17 months) (P=0.024). Fourteen allo-HSCT patients were given nilotinib or dasatinib at the time of mutation occurrence, and there was no significant difference in the overall survival in contrast to patients who continue to take imatinib.
CONCLUSIONS: ABL kinase domain mutations are closely related to the older age and high genomic instability in the newly diagnosed Ph(+) ALL patients. Mutation types showed diversity and complexity, which remarkably affected patients' prognosis and survival. T315I and E255K mutations account for more than half of all cases, characterized by a less favorable prognosis. Currently, allo-HSCT is the only method that has the potential of elongating life expectancy, but the utility of second-generation TKI during relapse does not necessarily have an edge on survival over imatinib.

Entities:  

Mesh:

Substances:

Year:  2016        PMID: 27014978      PMCID: PMC7348204          DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.02.004

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi        ISSN: 0253-2727


t(9;22)(q34;q11)为急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)最常见的再现性细胞遗传学异常,见于20%~30%的成人ALL和3%的儿童ALL[1]–[2],在酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)时代到来之前Ph+ ALL是一类预后极差的白血病亚型[3]。TKI的应用显著提高了其诱导缓解率,改善了患者预后[4]。然而,ABL激酶区突变的发生抑制或削弱了TKI的结合能力及活性,是疾病进展的主要原因[5]。 各类文献已报道超过100种类型的ABL激酶区点突变,其中T315I突变引起国内外学者广泛关注。其不仅是发生率最高的突变类型[6],更因为TKI与ATP结合位点的构型改变而导致广泛耐药[7]。本研究回顾性分析诱导治疗后发生ABL激酶区突变的Ph+ ALL患者初诊阶段的临床及实验室特征,突变在Ph+ ALL患者的发生率、分布特点及其不同类型突变与预后的关系,以及异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)联合不同类型TKI在Ph+ ALL患者中的应用价值。

病例与方法

1.病例:2010年2月至2014年8月我院血液科收治的确诊后接受NCCN和(或)欧洲白血病网(ELN)推荐治疗的Ph阳性和(或)BCR-ABL阳性的ALL患者中,定期监测ABL激酶区突变的患者共88例,其中42例突变检测阳性的患者纳入研究组,余46例突变阴性患者作为对照组。所有患者ECOG评分小于2分,心、肺等脏器功能良好,能够耐受常规化疗及allo-HSCT。 2.诊断分型及突变监测:所有患者根据骨髓细胞形态学、免疫表型分析、细胞遗传学、分子生物学(MICM)进行诊断分型。骨髓细胞形态分析按照WHO分型,原幼淋巴细胞>0.200诊断为ALL。免疫表型分析采用FACSCalibur型流式细胞仪(美国Becton Dickinson公司产品),以SSC/CD45设门,检测和分析患者白血病细胞群体抗原表达水平。细胞遗传学检测采用传统R显带技术,异常染色体核型描述参照《人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制(ISCN,2013)》;荧光原位杂交技术作为辅助诊断方法。分子生物学检测是采用多重巢式PCR方法检测常见急性白血病相关融合基因表达,并采用实时荧光定量PCR(RQ-PCR)方法确定BCR-ABL融合基因拷贝数。一轮扩增BCR-ABL融合基因后,ABL激酶区突变检测通过对ABL激酶区216AA-540AA行一代测序完成。 3.治疗方案及中枢神经系统白血病(CNSL)预防:88例患者均接受BDH ALL2000/02整体治疗方案(VDCP±L)行诱导治疗,即联合环磷酰胺、去甲氧柔红霉素或柔红霉素、长春新碱或长春地辛、地塞米松或泼尼松为主的诱导化疗方案,加或不加左旋门冬酰胺酶。明确诊断后尽早联合TKI药物,其中44例同时接受TKI(伊马替尼43例,达沙替尼1例)作为诱导方案用药,余44例于诱导治疗后开始使用伊马替尼。所有患者行1~8个疗程含大剂量甲氨蝶呤、阿糖胞苷、左旋门冬酰胺酶为主的巩固治疗方案,53例有合适供者的患者行allo-HSCT,其中突变组23例。所有患者巩固及维持治疗期间均持续口服TKI。疾病进展者当即、无疾病进展者每3~6个月检测ABL激酶区突变,发生突变者每月监测。CNSL的预防采用甲氨蝶呤联合地塞米松方案。 4.疗效判定及统计学处理:主要分子生物学反应(MMR)定义为诱导结束时BCR-ABL拷贝数较基线下降3个对数级[8]。总体生存(OS)评估采用Kaplan-Meier曲线,OS时间定义为从患者确诊时间至患者死亡或末次随访时间(2015年3月10日)。非正态分布数据采用中位数(范围)表示,率的比较采用Fisher精确检验,计量资料采用非参数秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.ABL激酶区突变Ph+ ALL患者临床及实验室特征:88例定期监测ABL激酶区突变患者中,42例检出突变,其中位发病年龄为40(7~70)岁,较非突变组发病年龄高[32.5(5~52)岁](P=0.023)。除外5例正常核型、9例核型分析失败的患者,余28例中20例(71.4%)初诊核型分析存在复杂核型异常,发生率较非突变组高(P=0.043),其中以累及7号染色体(4例,3例−7/7q−,1例+7)、5号染色体(3例,2例+5, 1例5q−)和+Ph (4例)更为常见。患者基本临床及实验室特征见表1。诊断至突变检出中位时间为8(1~69)个月,平均TKI使用时间为6(1~68)个月,11例次处于完全缓解(CR)期,1例处于诱导未缓解(NR)期,余为疾病复发。
表1

ABL激酶区突变Ph+急性淋巴细胞白血病患者临床及实验室特征

特征突变阳性组(42例)突变阴性组(46例)P
性别(例,男/女)26/1626/200.608
年龄[岁,M(范围)]40(17~70)32.5(16~52)0.023
髓外浸润(例)20190.551
WBC[×109/L,M(范围)]50(1~650)38(1~430)0.603
HGB[g/L,M(范围)]89(24~162)98(47~153)0.572
PLT[×109/L,M(范围)]32(4~223)43(3~251)0.966
原幼细胞比例[M(范围)]0.878(0.510~0.965)0.855(0.400~0.990)0.846
免疫学表型(例)0.629
 B淋系伴髓系表达87
 B淋系表达3338
细胞遗传学(例)0.043
 复杂核型异常2013
 单纯t(9;22)815
BCR-ABL类型(例)0.697
 P2101619
 P1902525
2.ABL激酶区突变在Ph+ ALL患者的分布特点:42例突变患者共检出18个突变位点、21种突变类型。9例同时检测到2种突变(其中5例为T315I和E255K/V突变),3例同时检测到3种突变(其中1例为E255K、T315I、E459K),1例同时检测到4种突变(E255V、T315I、F317A、E355G)。T315I突变为最常见的突变类型,发生率高达40.0%(24/60),其次为E255K/V (12/60,20.0%)、Y253H/F (4/60,6.7%)、E459K(4/60,6.7%)。 3.疗效及生存分析:ABL激酶区突变患者诱导CR率为78.6%(33/42),其中19例接受单独诱导化疗,诱导结束时13例(68.4%)获得CR,3例部分缓解(PR),3例NR;23例同时联合TKI(伊马替尼22例,达沙替尼1例)行诱导治疗,20例(87.0%)获得CR, 1例PR, 2例NR。非突变组患者CR率为84.8%(39/46),略高于突变组,但差异无统计学意义(P= 0.451)。突变组中4例患者无MMR数据,余38例中仅4例(10.5%)获得MMR,显著低于非突变组(14/38, 36.8%,P=0.015)。 截至末次随访,88例患者中位随访时间为18.5(2~82)个月。突变组2年及5年OS率分别为45.4%、35.0%,而非突变组分别为67.8%、63.3%(P=0.047,图1)。T315I和E255K/V突变者中位OS时间分别为19和10个月,远远短于其他类型突变者(P=0.024,图2)。42例突变患者中,23例进行了移植,14例于移植前即检出ABL激酶区突变,其中位OS时间为29个月,较单纯化疗联合TKI组(17个月)预后好(P=0.034,图3);14例突变检出时更换使用尼洛替尼或达沙替尼治疗,但并不能够改善移植突变患者生存情况(P=0.862,图4)。
图1

ABL激酶区突变阳性和阴性Ph+急性淋巴细胞白血病患者总体生存曲线

图2

不同类型ABL激酶区突变Ph+急性淋巴细胞白血病患者总体生存曲线

图3

异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)治疗ABL激酶区突变Ph+急性淋巴细胞白血病患者总体生存曲线

图4

移植前后使用不同类型酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)的ABL激酶区突变Ph+急性淋巴细胞白血病患者总体生存曲线

4.突变类型进展:42例突变患者中,4例在疾病进展期间出现新类型突变,其中2例在E255K突变转阴后检出T315I突变,另2例在T315I突变转阴后检出E255K突变。另有1例患者在allo-HSCT后使用伊马替尼维持治疗期间,3次复发均检出新的类型突变,突变类型进展详见表2。
表2

5例ABL激酶区突变Ph+急性淋巴细胞白血病患者突变类型进展

例号第一次突变
第二次突变
第三次突变
TKI疾病状态突变类型TKI疾病状态突变类型TKI疾病状态突变类型
1IM未缓解E225KDARe1E255K、T315I
2IMCR1E225KDARe1T315I
3IMRe1T315INIRe2E255K
4IMRe1T315I、Q252HDACR2E255K
5IMMMR1-Re1E355GNIMMR2-Re2E355G、E255V、S259CfsDAMMR3-Re3E355G、E255V、T315I、F317A

注:TKI:酪氨酸激酶抑制剂;IM:伊马替尼;DA:达沙替尼;NI:尼洛替尼;CR:完全缓解;MMR:主要分子生物学反应;Re:复发

注:TKI:酪氨酸激酶抑制剂;IM:伊马替尼;DA:达沙替尼;NI:尼洛替尼;CR:完全缓解;MMR:主要分子生物学反应;Re:复发

讨论

ABL激酶区突变直接影响TKI药物的结合能力和活性,是目前导致Ph+ ALL复发耐药和治疗失败的主要因素,并直接影响其生存和预后[5]。分析突变患者初诊阶段的临床和分子生物学特征发现,高龄是发生突变的高危因素之一。ABL激酶区突变患者更易伴随复杂核型异常,提示细胞遗传学的高度异质性和高度不稳定性更易导致恶性白血病细胞发生ABL激酶区突变,但依然需要更多的临床数据及分子生物学依据来证实其相关性。 截至目前,在超过100种的突变类型中,Y253、E255、T315、F317、和F359位点突变受到广泛关注[9]。在Ph+ ALL患者中,T315I突变发生率最高[6],ABL激酶区第315位上氨基酸的改变导致TKI与ATP结合位点的构型改变,缺失一个羟基,从而使一代及二代TKI药物难以与ATP结合,影响其发挥疗效[7]。目前博纳替尼(Ponatinib)是FDA认证的唯一对T315I敏感的TKI药物[10],其他药物如阿昔替尼、博苏替尼[11]–[12]等均在临床试验中,有可能成为继博纳替尼之后的广谱TKI药物。而P环突变,包括E255K/V和Y253H/F突变,是另一研究较为深入的突变,其发生提示疾病进展更快,预后更差[13]。 伊马替尼的使用能够将Ph+ ALL传统化疗50%左右的CR率提升至超过90%,不超过30%的MMR率提升至30%~50%[14]。因此,伊马替尼联合化疗并尽早行allo-HSCT已得到充分研究并成为Ph+ ALL国际多中心一线推荐治疗方案[13]。越来越多的研究表明,早期应用二代TKI如达沙替尼以期获得更深层次的MMR有助于减少复发[4]。我们的研究结果显示,allo-HSCT能够逆转突变患者的不良生存结局,但无论在移植前还是移植后,复发耐药阶段更换使用二代TKI对改善ABL激酶区突变患者的不良预后并不具有明显优势。 本研究结果还显示T315I突变和E255K/V突变紧密关联,其中包括7例患者同时检出T315I和E255K/V突变,5例于T315I和E255K/V突变之间进展,与国内学者报道具有一致性[15],而二者是先后发生还是同时发生,是发生于同一克隆还是不同克隆需进行更深入的分子机制研究。 综上所述,ABL激酶区突变是Ph+ ALL患者疾病复发和治疗失败的主要因素,而allo-HSCT仍然是改善突变患者生存的唯一有效途径。
  13 in total

1.  Dasatinib as first-line treatment for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Authors:  Robin Foà; Antonella Vitale; Marco Vignetti; Giovanna Meloni; Anna Guarini; Maria Stefania De Propris; Loredana Elia; Francesca Paoloni; Paola Fazi; Giuseppe Cimino; Francesco Nobile; Felicetto Ferrara; Carlo Castagnola; Simona Sica; Pietro Leoni; Eliana Zuffa; Claudio Fozza; Mario Luppi; Anna Candoni; Ilaria Iacobucci; Simona Soverini; Franco Mandelli; Giovanni Martinelli; Michele Baccarani
Journal:  Blood       Date:  2011-09-19       Impact factor: 22.113

2.  Alternating versus concurrent schedules of imatinib and chemotherapy as front-line therapy for Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL).

Authors:  Barbara Wassmann; Heike Pfeifer; Nicola Goekbuget; Dietrich W Beelen; Joachim Beck; Matthias Stelljes; Martin Bornhäuser; Albrecht Reichle; Jolanta Perz; Rainer Haas; Arnold Ganser; Mathias Schmid; Lothar Kanz; Georg Lenz; Martin Kaufmann; Anja Binckebanck; Patrick Brück; Regina Reutzel; Harald Gschaidmeier; Stefan Schwartz; Dieter Hoelzer; Oliver G Ottmann
Journal:  Blood       Date:  2006-04-25       Impact factor: 22.113

Review 3.  Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children.

Authors:  Stephen P Hunger; Charles G Mullighan
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2015-10-15       Impact factor: 91.245

4.  The diversity of BCR-ABL fusion proteins and their relationship to leukemia phenotype.

Authors:  J V Melo
Journal:  Blood       Date:  1996-10-01       Impact factor: 22.113

5.  The effect of first-line imatinib interim therapy on the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adults with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Authors:  Seok Lee; Yoo-Jin Kim; Chang-Ki Min; Hee-Je Kim; Ki-Sung Eom; Dong-Wook Kim; Jong-Wook Lee; Woo-Sung Min; Chun-Choo Kim
Journal:  Blood       Date:  2005-01-18       Impact factor: 22.113

6.  Crystal structure of the T315I mutant of AbI kinase.

Authors:  Tianjun Zhou; Lois Parillon; Feng Li; Yihan Wang; Jeff Keats; Sarah Lamore; Qihong Xu; William Shakespeare; David Dalgarno; Xiaotian Zhu
Journal:  Chem Biol Drug Des       Date:  2007-09       Impact factor: 2.817

Review 7.  Mechanisms and implications of imatinib resistance mutations in BCR-ABL.

Authors:  Valentina Nardi; Mohammad Azam; George Q Daley
Journal:  Curr Opin Hematol       Date:  2004-01       Impact factor: 3.284

Review 8.  Implications of BCR-ABL1 kinase domain-mediated resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Authors:  Simona Soverini; Susan Branford; Franck E Nicolini; Moshe Talpaz; Michael W N Deininger; Giovanni Martinelli; Martin C Müller; Jerald P Radich; Neil P Shah
Journal:  Leuk Res       Date:  2013-09-23       Impact factor: 3.156

9.  The European medicines agency review of bosutinib for the treatment of adult patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia: summary of the scientific assessment of the committee for medicinal products for human use.

Authors:  Zahra Hanaizi; Christoph Unkrig; Harald Enzmann; Jorge Camarero; Arantxa Sancho-Lopez; Tomas Salmonson; Christian Gisselbrecht; Edward Laane; Francesco Pignatti
Journal:  Oncologist       Date:  2014-03-25

Review 10.  Resistant mutations in CML and Ph(+)ALL - role of ponatinib.

Authors:  Geoffrey D Miller; Benjamin J Bruno; Carol S Lim
Journal:  Biologics       Date:  2014-10-20
View more

北京卡尤迪生物科技股份有限公司 © 2022-2023.