José Geraldo Mill1, Sérgio Lamêgo Rodrigues1, Marcelo Perim Baldo1, Deborah Carvalho Malta2, Celia Landmann Szwarcwald3. 1. Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil. 2. Departamento de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil. 3. Centro de Informação Científica e Tecnológica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To validate Tanaka and Kawasaki's formulas to calculate the salt intake by the sodium/creatinine ratio in spot of urine. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy two adults (20 - 69 years old; 52.6% women) with 24 h urine collection and two urinary spots collected on the same day (while fasting - spot 1 - or not fasting - spot 2). Anthropometry, blood pressure and fasting blood were measured on the same day. The analysis of agreement between salt consumption measured in the 24 h urine test and urinary spots were determined by the Pearson's correlation (r) and the Bland & Altman method. RESULTS: The mean salt consumption measured by the 24 h sodium excretion was 10.4 ± 5.3 g/day. The correlation between the measured 24 h sodium excretion and the estimation based on spots 1 and 2, respectively, was only moderated according to Tanaka (r = 0.51 and r = 0.55; p < 0.001) and to Kawasaki (r = 0.52 and r = 0.54; p < 0.001). We observed an increasing underestimation of salt consumption by Tanaka to increasing salt consumption and conversely, an overestimation of consumption by the Kawasaki formula. The estimation of salt consumption (difference between measured and calculated salt consumption lower than 1 g/day) was adequate only when the consumption was between 9 - 12 g/day (Tanaka) and 12 - 18 g/day (Kawasaki). CONCLUSION: Spot urine sampling is adequate to estimate salt consumption only among individuals with an actual consumption near the population mean.
OBJECTIVE: To validate Tanaka and Kawasaki's formulas to calculate the salt intake by the sodium/creatinine ratio in spot of urine. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy two adults (20 - 69 years old; 52.6% women) with 24 h urine collection and two urinary spots collected on the same day (while fasting - spot 1 - or not fasting - spot 2). Anthropometry, blood pressure and fasting blood were measured on the same day. The analysis of agreement between salt consumption measured in the 24 h urine test and urinary spots were determined by the Pearson's correlation (r) and the Bland & Altman method. RESULTS: The mean salt consumption measured by the 24 h sodium excretion was 10.4 ± 5.3 g/day. The correlation between the measured 24 h sodium excretion and the estimation based on spots 1 and 2, respectively, was only moderated according to Tanaka (r = 0.51 and r = 0.55; p < 0.001) and to Kawasaki (r = 0.52 and r = 0.54; p < 0.001). We observed an increasing underestimation of salt consumption by Tanaka to increasing salt consumption and conversely, an overestimation of consumption by the Kawasaki formula. The estimation of salt consumption (difference between measured and calculated salt consumption lower than 1 g/day) was adequate only when the consumption was between 9 - 12 g/day (Tanaka) and 12 - 18 g/day (Kawasaki). CONCLUSION: Spot urine sampling is adequate to estimate salt consumption only among individuals with an actual consumption near the population mean.
Authors: Elisângela Milhomem Dos Santos; Dyego José de Araújo Brito; Isabela Leal Calado; Ana Karina Teixeira França; Joyce Santos Lages; Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior; Alcione Miranda Dos Santos; Natalino Salgado Filho Journal: Ren Fail Date: 2018-11 Impact factor: 2.606
Authors: Lesley F Tinker; Ying Huang; Karen C Johnson; Laura D Carbone; Linda Snetselaar; Linda Van Horn; JoAnn E Manson; Simin Liu; Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani; Ross L Prentice; Johanna W Lampe; Marian L Neuhouser Journal: Curr Dev Nutr Date: 2021-10-12
Authors: Paul N Jensen; Tran Quoc Bao; Tran Thi Thanh Huong; Susan R Heckbert; Annette L Fitzpatrick; James P LoGerfo; Truong Le Van Ngoc; Ali H Mokdad Journal: PLoS One Date: 2018-01-18 Impact factor: 3.240