Susan Hellerstein1, Sarah Feldman2, Tao Duan3. 1. Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Fish Women's Health Center, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA. 2. Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai 1st Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Director of Shanghai Woman's Healthcare Institute, Shanghai, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: China has one of the highest cesarean delivery rates in the world, with most cesareans done without indication. METHODS: Observation of how perinatal care is delivered in a range of Shanghai hospitals was done to gain insight into the 50 percent cesarean delivery rate. A mixed methods approach combined a descriptive structured survey of obstetric services with standardized interview with obstetricians and qualitative observation of obstetric services in six different Shanghai obstetric facilities. RESULTS: The volume was extremely high: physicians in public hospitals routinely saw up to 80-120 prenatal patients per day. Frequent prenatal testing substituted for time spent in patient-doctor interactions. Family members were not allowed in delivery wards where women labored alone. Obstetrics services had low levels of nursing support and anesthesia for labor. Physical space favored rapid surgical turnover over longer labor. Physicians reported practical incentives to perform cesarean sections. DISCUSSION: Cesarean delivery was an efficient way to move patients through the systems observed, given the staffing and physical limitations of the public facilities. Physicians reported that patients and families perceived cesarean delivery as safer. Physicians also reported fear of charges of malpractice, for which they might be found to be financially liable or in physical danger. Societal expectations are high, and in a "one child" society, perception that cesarean section was safer may also have driven cesarean rates. Given the end of the One Child Policy, the preference for cesarean delivery may change.
BACKGROUND: China has one of the highest cesarean delivery rates in the world, with most cesareans done without indication. METHODS: Observation of how perinatal care is delivered in a range of Shanghai hospitals was done to gain insight into the 50 percent cesarean delivery rate. A mixed methods approach combined a descriptive structured survey of obstetric services with standardized interview with obstetricians and qualitative observation of obstetric services in six different Shanghai obstetric facilities. RESULTS: The volume was extremely high: physicians in public hospitals routinely saw up to 80-120 prenatal patients per day. Frequent prenatal testing substituted for time spent in patient-doctor interactions. Family members were not allowed in delivery wards where women labored alone. Obstetrics services had low levels of nursing support and anesthesia for labor. Physical space favored rapid surgical turnover over longer labor. Physicians reported practical incentives to perform cesarean sections. DISCUSSION: Cesarean delivery was an efficient way to move patients through the systems observed, given the staffing and physical limitations of the public facilities. Physicians reported that patients and families perceived cesarean delivery as safer. Physicians also reported fear of charges of malpractice, for which they might be found to be financially liable or in physical danger. Societal expectations are high, and in a "one child" society, perception that cesarean section was safer may also have driven cesarean rates. Given the end of the One Child Policy, the preference for cesarean delivery may change.