Effect of Pneumoperitoneum on Renal Function and Physiology in Patients Undergoing Robotic Renal Surgery.

Laparoscopic and minimally-invasive robotic access has transformed the delivery of urological surgery. While associated with numerous desirable outcomes including shorter post-operative stay and faster return to preoperative function, these techniques have also been associated with increased morbidity such as reduced renal blood flow and post-operative renal dysfunction. The mechanisms leading to these renal effects complex and multifactorial, and have not been fully elucidated. However they are likely to include direct effects from raised intra-abdominal pressure, and indirect effects secondary to carbon dioxide absorption, neuroendocrine factors and tissue damage from oxidative stress. This review summarises these factors, and highlights the need for further work in this area, to direct novel therapies and guide alterations in technique with the aim of reducing renal dysfunction post-laparoscopic and robotic surgery.