Draft Genome Sequence of an ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-d-Galactoside (ONPG)-Negative Strain of Vibrio cholerae, Isolated from Drakes Bay, California.

We present the draft whole-genome sequence of a Vibrio cholerae strain (Vc25-3) isolated from Drakes Bay, California. This environmental isolate has an atypical morphology and is ortho-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (ONPG)-negative.

GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT

Ingestion of Vibrio cholerae contaminated water, shellfish, and recreational water could lead to severe cholera-like gastrointestinal symptoms. V. cholerae has been shown to persist in the environment between outbreaks, and has been detected in broader regions than previously thought (1). Isolation of V. cholerae from coastal water of California and Washington has been documented (2–4). We report the isolation and whole-genome sequencing of a non-O1/non-O139/non-O141 V. cholerae strain (Vc25-3) from oysters grown in Drakes Bay, California. Vc25-3 has atypical white colony morphology on CHROMagar Vibrio (CHROMagar), and is ortho-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (ONPG)-negative. In comparison, V. cholerae is typically ONPG-positive. The pulse-field gel electrophoresis primary and secondary patterns are KZGS12.0230 and KZGN11.0218, respectively.

Genomic DNA was extracted from overnight culture using the DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen). The genome was sequenced using Ion PGM (Thermo Fisher Scientific). SPAdes (v3.1.0) (5) was used for de novo assembly resulting in 156 contigs that are greater than 200 bp. The average coverage was 186×, and the contig N50 was 168,910 bp. The genome size was 4,017,337 bp, and G+C content was 47.5%. The genome was annotated through the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP v2.10) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/annotation_prok/). A total of 3,796 genes were identified for the strain, and 3,333 were coding sequences (CDS).

The annotation results indicate the absence of the cholera toxin gene (ctx), zonula occludens toxin gene (zot), and Vibrio pathogenic island (VPI). However, sequences for accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), plasmid partition gene (par), and toxins HigB2 and HipA are identified. The V. cholerae ace gene causes fluid secretion (6), par and HigB2 stabilize plasmids and maintain genetic stability of V. cholerae superintergron (7, 8), and HipA induces persistence and multidrug tolerance (9). A type IV pilus such as the mannose sensitive hemagglutinin (MshA, MshQ, MshO) is present. Msh contributes to cell survival and persistence by enhancing surface attachment and forming biofilm (5). Virulence factor proteins such as valine-glycine repeat G (Vgr) and toxR are also detected. Vgr is part of the type VI secretion system (T6SS), a virulence mechanism found in most Gram-negative bacteria (10).

Global climate change has led to an increase in ocean temperature. There was a 5 to 56 fold increase in V. cholerae numbers when water temperature increased by 2° to 5°C (11). Current sea surface temperature off the coast of California is more than 5°C above normal (http://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/sst/ophi/) due to one of the strongest El Niño phenomena predicted in the past 65 years. This could lead to a significant increase in V. cholerae population in the coastal waters off the Western United States, and potentially result in higher incidents of cholera-related illnesses. Despite lacking ctx and zot, some V. cholerae strains still have the ability to cause illness (12). Whole-genome sequencing of Vc25-3 provides valuable insights into persistence, pathogencity, and virulence of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae.

Nucleotide sequence accession number.

The draft genome sequence of V. cholerae 25-3 has been deposited into GenBank under the accession number JNUX00000000.