Ruut Laitio1, Marja Hynninen2, Olli Arola1, Sami Virtanen3, Riitta Parkkola3, Jani Saunavaara4, Risto O Roine5, Juha Grönlund1, Emmi Ylikoski2, Johanna Wennervirta2, Minna Bäcklund2, Päivi Silvasti2, Eija Nukarinen2, Marjaana Tiainen6, Antti Saraste7, Mikko Pietilä7, Juhani Airaksinen7, Leena Valanne8, Juha Martola8, Heli Silvennoinen8, Harry Scheinin1, Veli-Pekka Harjola9, Jussi Niiranen10, Kirsi Korpi10, Marjut Varpula10, Outi Inkinen1, Klaus T Olkkola2, Mervyn Maze11, Tero Vahlberg12, Timo Laitio1. 1. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turku, Turku, Finland2Division of Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. 2. Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland4Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki. 3. Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland6Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. 4. Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland8University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 5. Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland9Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 6. Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland11Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 7. Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland12Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 8. Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland14Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 9. Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland16Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 10. Department of Cardiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland18Department of Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 11. Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco. 12. Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Evidence from preclinical models indicates that xenon gas can prevent the development of cerebral damage after acute global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury but, thus far, these putative neuroprotective properties have not been reported in human studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of inhaled xenon on ischemic white matter damage assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized single-blind phase 2 clinical drug trial conducted between August 2009 and March 2015 at 2 multipurpose intensive care units in Finland. One hundred ten comatose patients (aged 24-76 years) who had experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were randomized. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia (33°C) for 24 hours (n = 55 in the xenon group) or hypothermia treatment alone (n = 55 in the control group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was cerebral white matter damage as evaluated by fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor MRI scheduled to be performed between 36 and 52 hours after cardiac arrest. Secondary end points included neurological outcome assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (score 0 [no symptoms] through 6 [death]) and mortality at 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 110 randomized patients (mean age, 61.5 years; 80 men [72.7%]), all completed the study. There were MRI data from 97 patients (88.2%) a median of 53 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 47-64 hours) after cardiac arrest. The mean global fractional anisotropy values were 0.433 (SD, 0.028) in the xenon group and 0.419 (SD, 0.033) in the control group. The age-, sex-, and site-adjusted mean global fractional anisotropy value was 3.8% higher (95% CI, 1.1%-6.4%) in the xenon group (adjusted mean difference, 0.016 [95% CI, 0.005-0.027], P = .006). At 6 months, 75 patients (68.2%) were alive. Secondary end points at 6 months did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups. In ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale, the median (IQR) value was 1 (1-6) in the xenon group and 1 (0-6) in the control group (median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .68). The 6-month mortality rate was 27.3% (15/55) in the xenon group and 34.5% (19/55) in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.23-1.01]; P = .053). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia compared with hypothermia alone resulted in less white matter damage as measured by fractional anisotropy of diffusion tensor MRI. However, there was no statistically significant difference in neurological outcomes or mortality at 6 months. These preliminary findings require further evaluation in an adequately powered clinical trial designed to assess clinical outcomes associated with inhaled xenon among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00879892.
RCT Entities:
IMPORTANCE: Evidence from preclinical models indicates that xenon gas can prevent the development of cerebral damage after acute global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury but, thus far, these putative neuroprotective properties have not been reported in human studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of inhaled xenon on ischemic white matter damage assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized single-blind phase 2 clinical drug trial conducted between August 2009 and March 2015 at 2 multipurpose intensive care units in Finland. One hundred ten comatosepatients (aged 24-76 years) who had experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were randomized. INTERVENTIONS:Patients were randomly assigned to receive either inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia (33°C) for 24 hours (n = 55 in the xenon group) or hypothermia treatment alone (n = 55 in the control group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was cerebral white matter damage as evaluated by fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor MRI scheduled to be performed between 36 and 52 hours after cardiac arrest. Secondary end points included neurological outcome assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (score 0 [no symptoms] through 6 [death]) and mortality at 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 110 randomized patients (mean age, 61.5 years; 80 men [72.7%]), all completed the study. There were MRI data from 97 patients (88.2%) a median of 53 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 47-64 hours) after cardiac arrest. The mean global fractional anisotropy values were 0.433 (SD, 0.028) in the xenon group and 0.419 (SD, 0.033) in the control group. The age-, sex-, and site-adjusted mean global fractional anisotropy value was 3.8% higher (95% CI, 1.1%-6.4%) in the xenon group (adjusted mean difference, 0.016 [95% CI, 0.005-0.027], P = .006). At 6 months, 75 patients (68.2%) were alive. Secondary end points at 6 months did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups. In ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale, the median (IQR) value was 1 (1-6) in the xenon group and 1 (0-6) in the control group (median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .68). The 6-month mortality rate was 27.3% (15/55) in the xenon group and 34.5% (19/55) in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.23-1.01]; P = .053). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia compared with hypothermia alone resulted in less white matter damage as measured by fractional anisotropy of diffusion tensor MRI. However, there was no statistically significant difference in neurological outcomes or mortality at 6 months. These preliminary findings require further evaluation in an adequately powered clinical trial designed to assess clinical outcomes associated with inhaled xenon among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00879892.
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