Improvement of Pulmonary Functions Following Septoplasty: How Are Lower Airways Affected?

OBJECTIVES: Nasal septal deviation is a frequent cause of increased nasal airway resistance. A narrow nasal airway would result in a decreased airflow into the lungs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the alterations of the pulmonary functions following septoplasty using spirometry and 6 minutes walking test (6mWT). And reveal the correlation of symptom score improvement with nasal obstruction symptom score (NOSE) and sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT22) questionnaires following surgery.
METHODS: Thirty patients with obvious nasal septal deviations were enrolled in the study. All patients had a detailed otorhinolaryngologic examination, filled NOSE/SNOT22 questionnaires, performed spirometry and 6mWT preoperatively. One month after surgery, NOSE/SNOT22 questionnaires filled by subjects and spirometry with 6mWT were performed again, and the results were compared.
RESULTS: The mean total walking distance was 702.3±68.2 m preoperatively, and it improved to 753.2±72.6 m postoperatively (P<0.001). Total tour count increased from 11 (range, 10.8 to 12.0) to 12 (range, 11 to 13.3), and the difference was found statistically significant (P<0.001). When the preoperative and postoperative mean 6mWT results were compared, diastolic blood pressure increased from 70 to 80 mmHg (P=0.031), heart rate increased from 83.5±13.2 to 90.1±12.5 bpm (P=0.017), dyspnea rate decreased from 1 to 0 (P=0.002), and fatigue scores reduced from 2 to 1 (P=0.003). Evaluation on spirometry findings revealed that FIF50% (maximum inspiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity [FVC]) scores and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values improved significantly after surgery. Septoplasty improves the nasal breathing pattern. While reducing FEF50% (maximum expiratory flow at 50% of FVC)/FIF50%, it increases PEF and FIF50% values. In addition, as shown by 6mWT, exercise capacity improves following surgery. Postoperative NOSE and SNOT22 scores reduced markedly compared to preoperative values (P<0.001).
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that nasal septal surgery has a positive effect on pulmonary functions, and this can be an important clue for the relationship of lung disorders and nasal obstruction.

INTRODUCTION

Nasal septal deviation is the most common nasal pathology, and surgical correction of the nasal deformity results in alterations in the upper and the lower airways. Objective results of septoplasty can be quite variable among patients and for standardization of postoperative outcomes some questionnaires are used in the literature. For subjective evaluation of septoplasty outcome measurement nasal obstruction symptom score (NOSE) and sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT22) forms give highly predictive values [1-3]. Subjective evaluation of upper airway is usually performed with rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry, which are used by investigators as well. However the effect of septoplasty, an operation that resolves upper airway obstruction (UAO), on the pulmonary system has not been investigated exclusively.

Spirometry and 6 minutes walking test (6mWT) give important information for pulmonary obstruction, however they are applied to the patients through the upper airways. They are cheap, easy, safe, and well-tolerated tests, and special equipment is not required for them [4].

The aim of this study was to analyze the lower airway improvement and exercise capacity after septoplasty by using subjective and objective measures, namely spirometry and 6mWT, following surgery, and also to observe the correlation of subjective nasal airway function improvement by NOSE (Table 1) and SNOT22 questionnaires.

Table 1.

The patients’ characteristics regarding their ages and sexes

Characteristic	Value
Age (yr), mean±SD (range)	33.4±10.9 (17–59)
Sex, n (%)
Men	22 (73.3)
Women	8 (26.7)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Thirty patients with the complaint of chronic nasal obstruction and diagnosed with isolated nasal septal deviation were included in the study.

Patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular infarcts, and other nasal pathologies such as allergic rhinitis, excessive turbinate hypertrophy, concha bullosa, chronic rhino sinusitis or nasal polyposis, also cigarette smokers were excluded from study. In addition, the cases that could not cooperate for the 6mWT and spirometry were excluded from the study.

Anterior rhinoscopy and flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy revealed a markedly deviated nasal septum in all patients. Consequently, septoplasty was performed under local anesthesia using a hemi transfixion incision, in all patients. We also performed a 6mWT before and 1 month after nasal surgery. For 6mWT, the subjects were encouraged to walk with their best tempo on a flat, 30-m long indoor walking area at the room temperature for 6 minutes. When necessary, the participants were told to take one or more rest breaks. The same physician observed all patients during their walk, and the subjects were informed and positive feedbacks were given for keeping their walking speed, with 1-minute intervals. The physiological parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate and saturation of peripheral oxygen (SPO2) were measured before and after walking. The walking distance was calculated after the test. Borg scale was used to evaluate dyspnea and fatigue. Preoperative and postoperative results were compared statistically.

Spirometry was performed 1 day prior to surgery, and 1 month after the surgery (Vmax encore 229C, Carefusion, Yorba Linda, CA, USA) in all patients, while the patient was sitting in an up-right position. Three maneuvers were obtained from each patient during the test, and the best results were recorded by the investigator.

Preoperative and postoperative forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (FEF50%), forced inspiratory flow at 50% of FVC (FIF50%), and the ratio of maximum expiratory to inspiratory flow at 50% of FVC (FEF50%/FIF50%) were compared.

The statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). The numerical variables were presented as mean±standard deviation and median (range), and the categorical variables were presented as the number and the percent. The parametric test hypotheses were controlled before the groups were compared for the numerical variables. T-test was used for “before and after” measurements of numerical variables whenever the parametric test hypotheses were satisfied. Wilcoxon test was used when the parametric test hypotheses were not satisfied. McNemar test was used for the comparisons of “before and after” values of the categorical variables. The confidence level was set at P<0.05.

RESULTS

There were 30 patients who met the inclusion criteria (22 men and 8 women), with a mean age of 33.4±10.9 (standard deviation) years (range, 17 to 59 years).

Preoperative and postoperative 6mWT parameters were documented and compared in Table 2. Regarding these findings, the mean total walking distance was 702.3±68.2 m preoperatively, and it improved to 753.2±72.6 m postoperatively, the difference being statistically significant (P<0.001). Furthermore, total tour count increased from 11 (range, 10.8 to 12.0) to 12 (range, 11 to 13.3), and this difference was also found as statistically significant (P<0.001). When the mean preoperative and postoperative 6mWT parameters were compared, it was found that diastolic blood pressure increased from 70 to 80 mmHg (P= 0.031), heart rate increased from 83.5±13.2 to 90.1±12.5 bpm (P=0.017), dyspnea rate decreased from 1 to 0 (P=0.002), and fatigue scores reduced from 2 to 1 (P=0.003). These results were found as statistically significant. Systolic blood pressure and SPO2 results did not change statistically following surgery.

Table 2.

The analyses of preoperative and postoperative and 6 minutes walking test parameters

Parameter	Preoperative	Postoperative	P-value
SBP (mmHg)	120 (110–130)	120 (110–120)	0.157
DBP (mmHg)	70 (70–80)	80 (80–80)	0.031
Total tour count	11 (10.8–12.0)	12 (11–13.3)	<0.001
Heart rate (bpm)
Before	83.5±13.2	90.1±12.5	0.017
After	111.2±21.5	105.4±17.8	0.169
Dyspnea rate
Before	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0)	0.002
After	1.5 (1–2)	0 (0–1)	<0.001
Fatigue score
Before	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0)	0.035
After	2 (1–2)	1 (0–1)	0.003
SPO2 (%)
Before	98 (97–98)	98 (97–98)	0.807
After	98 (97–98)	98 (97–98)	0.726
Total distance (m)	702.3±68.2	753.2±72.6	<0.001
ESS (%)	26.7	23.3	>0.999

Values are presented as median (range) or mean±standard deviation.

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SPO2, saturation of peripheral oxygen; ESS, evaluaiton of symptom scores following exercise.

The analysis of the spirometry findings revealed that FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, forced expiratory flow 25%–75% (FEF25%–75%) and FEF50% values did not change statistically when preoperative and postoperative values were compared. On the other hand, FIF50% was 3.0±1.1 before surgery and 4.6±1.2 following surgery. FIF50% scores were statistically significantly higher after septoplasty (P<0.001).

PEF values improved from 6.6±1.6 to 7.6±1.9 after septoplasty, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Comparison of spirometry parameters before and after septoplasty

Parameter	Preoperative	Postoperative	P-value
FEV1	3.45 (2.83–3.78)	3.49 (3.10–3.83)	0.428
FVC	4.09 (3.46–4.62)	4.13 (3.25–4.55)	0.191
FEV1/FVC	83.7±5.1	83.1±5.0	0.441
PEF	6.6±1.6	7.6±1.9	<0.001
FEF25%–75%	3.7±1.2	3.7±1.1	0.786
FEF50%	4.2±1.2	4.1±1.2	0.741
FIF50%	3.0±1.1	4.6±1.2	<0.001

Values are presented as median (range) or mean±standard deviation.

FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, Forced vital capacity; PEF, peak expiratory flow; FEF25%–75%, forced expiratory flow 25%–75%; FEF50%, maximum expiratory flow at 50% of FVC; FIF50%, maximum inspiratory flow at 50% of FVC.

Preoperative and postoperative comparison of NOSE scores of patients are found statistically significant (P<0,001). SNOT22 scores are significantly reduced following septoplasty as well (P<0.001) (Table 4).

Table 4.

NOSE and SNOT score variations between preoperative and postoperative period

Variable	Pre	Post	P-value
NOSE	14 (10.8–16.0)	4 (0.8–6.3)	<0.001
SNOT	57.3±16.1	39.5±16.1	<0.001

Values are presented as median (range) or mean±standard deviation.

NOSE, nasal obstruction symptom score; SNOT, sino-nasal outcome test.

Correlation results of NOSE-SNOT scores between 6mWT parameters did not find statistically significant in any values. There were no statistically significant correlation between NOSE scores and spirometry findings. However in SNOT scores and spirometry parameters comparison FEV1 variation (P=0.008) on preoperative and postoperative period was statistically significant.

DISCUSSION

Spirometry is a standard and relatively cheap test in the diagnosis and follow-up of asthma and other respiratory diseases. It has been also used to determine the UAOs. Nasal cavity constitutes an important part of the upper airways. Nasal septal deviation is one of the most frequent abnormalities causing nasal obstruction, and it is a cause of extra thoracic obstruction [5].

The location of the airway obstruction, namely intra- or extrathoracic, determines its effects on the inspiratory and expiratory airflow [6]. When there is an obstruction in the intrathoracic airways, the degree of the obstruction changes with thoracic pressure alterations. The diameter of the airways change due to alterations (increase or decrease) of the thoracic pressure. Pleural pressure surrounds the intrathoracic airways. On the other hand, atmospheric pressure affects the extrathoracic airways. In the case of an extrathoracic airway obstruction, intrathoracic pressure alterations do not affect the diameter of the airways, however the airflow may change in relation with the characteristics of the obstructing lesion. The obstructions in the large airways increase respiratory work regardless of the anatomic location of the obstruction [7]. Vocal cord dysfunction may cause UAO. The vocal cords open during inspiration. When an injury occurs, they remain at the median position, and the airway narrows. The airflow rate decreases during inspiration. Although sometimes expiratory flow rate decreases, mainly inspiratory flow is affected.

It was shown that that preoperative pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters were important for postoperative complications, particularly after abdominal surgery [8]. However, spirometry is also important for determination of the UAOs. PFT alone is not sufficient for postoperative assessment [9]. There are some conflicting reports in the literature about UAO and its relationship with pulmonary function improvement. Also in spirometry extrathoracic and intrathoracic parameters are different from each other [10]. Four values have usually been distinguished in patients with UAO (extraobstruction): (1) FIF50% less than or equal to 100 L/min; (2) FEF50%/FIF50% greater than or equal to 1; (3) ratio of FEV1 measured in mL to the PEF rate in L/min greater than or equal to 10 mL/L/min; and (4) ratio of the FEV1 to the forced expired volume in 0.5 second greater than or equal to 1.5. The last ratio can be determined with a simple spirometer [11].

As reported by Morinaga et al. [12], nasal surgery tends to decrease apnea hypopnea index with significant improvements in the nocturnal oxygenation. Dogan et al. [13] used septal sutures after septoplasty, and did not find any significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative PFT parameters after septoplasty in the early postoperative period. Karaman et al. [5] performed septoplasty in 40 patients, and compared the spirometry parameters obtained before operation and three months after the surgery. They showed that mean FVC (L), FEV1 (L), FEV1/FVC, PEF (L/sec), FEF25%–75% (L/sec), FEF50% (L/sec), and FEF75% (L/sec) increased statistically significantly, and FEF25% (L/sec) significantly decreased following surgery.

When it is remembered that nasal airway forms 50% of total airway resistance, it seems worthy to study the alterations of the nasal airflow parameters during exercise and during inspiration, following nasal surgery. Niedzielska et al. [14] studied PFT differences in children after adenoidectomy, and found significant differences for vital capacity, FEV1, FVC, PEF, FEV1/PEF, and FEV1/FVC. The authors concluded that resolving the nasal obstruction with adenoidectomy improved PFT parameters in the postoperative period.

In the present study, PEF and FIF50% values changed statistically significantly 1 month after septoplasty (P<0.001). This improvement suggests that following surgical correction of nasal breathing pattern, respiratory capacity and the deepness of the respiration increase when compared to the preoperative period. On the other hand, the pre- and postoperative differences for FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25%–75%, and FEF50% were not statistically significant. But also FEV1 improvement following surgery was statistically significantly correlated with SNOT score difference.

6mWT is a good tool for standardization of physical activity with different treatments that are able to change oxygenation, airflow disturbances, oxidative distress regulation and muscle activity improvement [15-17]. 6mWT was establishedin order to determine the exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary failure, and since then it has been used worldwide in different fields including obesity, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases, and neurologic disorders [15,18,19].

There are some reports in the literature regarding the lack of standardization in both pediatric and adult population, however 6mWT is a commonly used and worldwide accepted test, and it has been used in many patients with functional results [20,21]. 6mWT primarily developed for evaluating patients for pulmonary function but also used for very variable assessments like walking speed and endurance with spinal cord injury patients [15], to show oxygen up-take of patients with claudication [17], for prognostic purpose of cardiovascular diseases [22].

Nasal aerodynamics is important for tissue oxygenation during exercise. Reducing the nasal airway resistance provides improvement of the exercise capacity. To determine the exercise capacity in nasal obstruction, Boas et al. [23] used 6mWT in healthy individuals without any pulmonary diseases to compare mouth breathers and nose breathers, and the results indicated that mouth breather subjects had lower scores compared to nose breathers. In 9 healthy subjects, Tong et al. [24] showed that nasal nostril dilatators were capable to increase perceived magnitude of breathing effort when compared to oronasal breathing and the control groups. Morton et al. [25] studied on 20 healthy adults to reveal maximal ventilation and maximal oxygen consumption during physical activity. Three groups’ (consisted of nose-breathing, mouth-breathing, nose+mouth breathing subjects) comparative results showed that nose breathing group has decreased oxygen consumption and ventilation than other groups.

In the review of the literature there are different results including blood pressure difference following exercise tests. However there is constant results for decreased blood pressure levels for each study usually it is observed that if systolic pressure decreases, diastolic pressure decrease as well and these report related to dietary supplements which are prone to effect the blood pressure [26,27]. Without a medication there is no significant difference could be expected in blood pressure as contrast to our result. And the major reason for our finding regarding diastolic blood increase might be explained the low number of patients would show the minor changes over influence effect on our results.

Borghi-Silva et al. [28] used 6 MWT for reveal the response of physical training on exercise capacity and they found statistically significant increase of heart rate following exercise on 6th and 12th week compared to baseline. Total distance was also increased in their study and heart rate seems to correlate with increased exercise capacity in a constant timeframe as similar to our study.

However these results belong to considerably early postoperative period, in most studies there are no significant differences found between early (4–6–8 weeks) and late (3–6 months) follow-up period regarding pulmonary function results [29,30]. In our study we aimed to discuss primarily to see the effect of pulmonary function improvement following early stage of septoplasty in healthy subjects and these findings give promising results to researchers for further long-term investigations.

This result suggests that widening of the nasal cavity has a positive impact on exercise capacity even in the healthy individuals without any pulmonary obstruction. In our study, we showed an increase in the total tour count postoperatively. Subjective evaluation of the patients’ NOSE and SNOT scores significantly reduced following surgery as well. However there is no significant correlation with subjective and objective data analysis. This result leads us to think that pulmonary function improvement is not directly exhibit patient’s perspective but surgical fixation of the obstruction. Since all patients are selected from markedly deviated (deflection-impaction) our hypostasis is physical examination seems to be more important factor. The differences of 6mWT before and after surgery in our study may be encouraging for nasal septal surgery, particularly in the professionally active sportsmen.

In conclusion, in case of a markedly deviated nasal septum, septoplasty improves extrathoracic parameters of the spirometry. 6mWT is also a good test to evaluate the patients’ total walking distance without distorting physiologic parameters such as heart rate, oxygen saturation and Borg scale. New studies are needed to determine the effect of septoplasty in patients with restricted pulmonary capacity.