Structural insights into the methyl donor recognition model of a novel membrane-binding protein UbiG.

UbiG is a SAM-dependent O-methyltransferase, catalyzing two O-methyl transfer steps for ubiquinone biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. UbiG possesses a unique sequence insertion between β4 and α10, which is used for membrane lipid interaction. Interestingly, this sequence insertion also covers the methyl donor binding pocket. Thus, the relationship between membrane binding and entrance of the methyl donor of UbiG during the O-methyl transfer process is a question that deserves further exploration. In this study, we reveal that the membrane-binding region of UbiG gates the entrance of methyl donor. When bound with liposome, UbiG displays an enhanced binding ability toward the methyl donor product S-adenosylhomocysteine. We further employ protein engineering strategies to design UbiG mutants by truncating the membrane interacting region or making it more flexible. The ITC results show that the binding affinity of these mutants to SAH increases significantly compared with that of the wild-type UbiG. Moreover, we determine the structure of UbiG∆(165-187) in complex with SAH. Collectively, our results provide a new angle to cognize the relationship between membrane binding and entrance of the methyl donor of UbiG, which is of benefit for better understanding the O-methyl transfer process for ubiquinone biosynthesis.

Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), an essential lipid in the electron transport chain, is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes as well as the plasma membrane of prokaryotes12. Ubiquinone plays a pivotal role in shuttling electrons from complex I or II to complex III for ATP synthesis in bacteria and higher eukaryotes3. In Homo sapiens, ubiquinone is tightly related to a number of diseases like muscular, cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders456. The biosynthesis of ubiquinone between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is similar, both beginning with the assembly of a quinone head group and a variable-length hydrophobic isoprenoid tail. Then, modifications of the benzoquinone are followed, including C-hydroxylation, decarboxylation, O-methylation and C-methylation789.

UbiG, a 240-residues protein in E. coli, is identified to be essential for ubiquinone biosynthesis in vivo. Mutations in the ubiG gene could cause ubiquinone deficiency10. UbiG belongs to the Class I SAM-dependent-methyltransferases family, catalyzing the transfer of the methyl group from SAM to substrate1112. In E. coli, the biosynthesis of ubiquinone needs two O-methylation steps, both of which are catalyzed by UbiG. The first O-methylation step is converting 2-polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol to 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxyphenol. The second step involves the O-methylation of 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol to form ubiquinone13.

Notably, unlike other types of methylation processes, the O-methylation reaction for ubiquinone biosynthesis in vivo is membrane associated14. The structure of full-length UbiG was determined and analyzed by our previous studies15. UbiG exhibits a globular fold, and the core structure comprises eight-stranded β sheet. Compared with the typical Class I SAM-dependent O-methyltransferases, UbiG possesses a unique sequence insertion shaping a membrane interaction patch. Meanwhile, our previous work indicated that UbiG binds preferentially to phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL), two major components of E. coli plasma membrane, and the mutation compromising UbiG membrane interaction largely diminishes the growth rate of E. coli cells, revealing that the membrane-binding ability is pivotal for the function of UbiG in vivo15. Nevertheless, due to the lack of further structural information, the methyl donor recognition model of UbiG remains unclear. Furthermore, the significance of the membrane-binding ability of UbiG in the O-methyl transfer process for ubiquinone biosynthesis is still worth exploring.

Here, we construct an UbiG mutant (UbiG∆165–187) by deleting the sequence insertion that covers the methyl donor binding pocket. The binding affinity of UbiG∆165–187 to SAH is approximately 58-fold higher than that of wild-type UbiG. Moreover, both wild-type UbiG bound to liposome and UbiG mutants that weaken the interaction of this sequence insertion with the core component show an enhanced binding ability toward SAH. Finally, we solve the crystal structure of UbiG∆165–187 complexed with SAH at 2.10 Å. Taken together, our results uncover the methyl donor diffusion mechanism of UbiG, and reveal that the membrane association of UbiG may regulate the entrance of methyl donor, which suggests an inextricable relationship between membrane anchoring and O-methyl transfer reaction in the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway.

Results and Discussion

UbiG bound with liposome displays an enhanced binding ability toward SAH

Our previous results have reported the crystal structure of UbiG from E. coli, and identified the residues vital for membrane binding. Interestingly, these residues mainly locate in helix α9 and loop α9/α10, a region that covers the possible methyl donor binding pocket15. Moreover, to gain insight into the methyl donor recognition model of UbiG, we tried to determine the complex structure of UbiG with SAH. However, we failed to obtain the complex structure by either co-crystallization or crystal soaking. To investigate whether the membrane association of UbiG influences the diffusion of methyl donor, we compare the binding affinity of wild-type UbiG and liposome-bound UbiG to SAH (Table 2). The ITC experiments show that wild-type UbiG bound SAH with a Kd of 104.43 ± 17.21 μM (Fig. 1B), whereas the affinity of liposome-bound UbiG to SAH (Kd = 9.63 ± 2.10 μM) increased ≈11-fold (Fig. 1C), indicating that the membrane association promotes UbiG interacting with SAH.

Table 2

The thermodynamic parameters of the ITC experiments.

Proteins	KD1	KD2	KD3		Standard Deviation
	μM	μM	μM	μM
wt-UbiG	101.18 ± 11.17	103.91 ± 18.80	108.20 ± 21.67	104.43 ± 17.21	2.89
wt-UbiG with liposome	9.14 ± 1.63	9.09 ± 2.06	10.65 ± 2.59	9.63 ± 2.10	0.72
UbiG-M1	3.29 ± 1.10	3.48 ± 0.69	3.34 ± 0.73	3.37 ± 0.84	0.08
UbiG-M2	2.47 ± 0.19	3.27 ± 0.59	2.56 ± 0.30	2.77 ± 0.36	0.36
UbiG∆165–187	1.73 ± 0.24	1.73 ± 0.09	2.05 ± 0.13	1.84 ± 0.16	0.15

Figure 1

Membrane association promotes UbiG interacting with SAH.

O-Methyltransferase reactions catalysed by UbiG in ubiquinone biosynthesis. (A) UbiG catalyzes two O-Methyltransferase steps in ubiquinone biosynthesis. The first O-methylation step is converting 2-polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol (compound 1) to 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxyphenol (compound 2). The second step involves the O-methylation of 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (compound 3) to form ubiquinone (compound 4). ITC profile of SAH titrated against wild-type UbiG (B) and liposome-bound UbiG (C). The upper panels showed the raw ITC data for injection of ligands into the sample cell containing wild-type UbiG or liposome-bound UbiG. The peaks were normalized to the ligand: protein molar ratio, and were integrated as shown in the bottom panels. Solid dots indicated the experimental data, and their best fit was obtained from a nonlinear least squares method, using a one-site binding model depicted by a continuous line.

The membrane binding region of UbiG gates the entrance of methyl donor

In the structure of UbiG, the membrane binding region including α9 and loop α9/α10 is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions with the core structure. As shown in Fig. 2(A), residues Val172 (helix α9), Tyr176 (helix α9), Ile177 (helix α9), Val181 (loop α9/α10) and Pro182 (loop α9/α10) make extensive hydrophobic contacts with residues Val23 (helix α1), Trp27 (loop α1/α2), Phe34 (helix α2), Pro90 (helix α4), Met131(helix α6), His134 (helix α6), Val135 (helix α6), and Pro136 (loop α6/α7) of the core structure of UbiG. To investigate whether this membrane binding region affects the diffusion of methyl donor, we construct UbiG mutants to enhance the flexibility of this region. We designed two UbiG mutants, UbiG-M1 (residues Val172 and Tyr176 mutated to Ala) and UbiG-M2 (residues Ile177, Val181 and Pro182 mutated to Ala) to weaken the interaction of this membrane binding region with the core structure of UbiG. The ITC experiments show that the binding affinity of UbiG-M1 to SAH was 3.37 ± 0.84 μM, increasing ≈31-fold compared with that of wild-type UbiG (Fig. 2B). UbiG-M2 bound SAH with a Kd of 2.77 ± 0.36 μM, increasing ≈38-fold compared with that of wild-type UbiG (Fig. 2C). To further confirm our hypothesis, we designed another UbiG mutant (UbiG∆165–187) by deleting this membrane interacting region that covers the methyl donor binding pocket. We compared the binding affinity of wild-type UbiG and UbiG∆165–187 to SAH by ITC experiments. The binding affinity of UbiG∆165–187 to SAH was 1.84 ± 0.16 μM, increasing ≈57-fold compared with that of wild-type UbiG (Fig. 2D). These data strongly support our hypothesis, and confirm that in the membrane-unbound state, the membrane binding region of UbiG hinds the entrance of methyl donor.

Figure 2

The membrane binding region of UbiG gates the entrance of methyl donor.

(A) Surface show of the structure of UbiG. The insertions of structural elements in UbiG are colored cyan. Residues involved in the hydrophobic interaction network of α9 with the core structure of UbiG are labelled. ITC profile of SAH titrated against UbiG-M1 (B), UbiG-M2 (C) and UbiG∆165–187 (D).

Structure of UbiG∆165–187 in complex with SAH

To disclose the accurate recognition pattern of SAH, we crystallized UbiG∆165–187 in complex with SAH at a resolution of 2.10 Å. The details of the data collection and refinement statistics are summarized in Table 1. The final model contains one molecule of UbiG∆165–187 and one molecule of SAH, with a stoichiometry of 1:1. Due to the insufficient electron density, the N-terminal 9 residues could not be traced. UbiG∆165–187 displays a similar fold as wild-type UbiG (Fig. 3A). The overall main-chain root-mean squared deviation (RMSD) between UbiG∆165–187 and wild-type UbiG is 0.397 Å for 215 comparable Cα atoms. Comparison with the structure of wild-type UbiG, helix α1 of UbiG∆165–187 moves toward the SAH binding pocket and forms extensive hydrophobic interactions with the carbon-skeleton of SAH (Fig. 3B). In addition, due to the lack of the hydrophobic packing with helix α8, the β6 and β7 of UbiG∆165–187 move away from the core structure (Fig. 3B).

Table 1

Data collection and Refinement Statistics for UbiG∆165–187 in complex with SAH.

Data collection statistics	UbiG∆165–187-SAH
Space Group	C2
Unit Cell Parameters
a, b, c (Å)	139.8, 39.3, 40.1
α, β, γ (˚)	90.0, 94.3, 90.0◻
Wavelength (Å)	0.9792
AResolution limits (Å)	50.00 − 2.10 (2.18 − 2.10)
No. of unique reflections	12887
Completeness (%)	99.2 (99.2)
Redundancy	3.5 (3.3)
BRmerge (%)	14.4 (63.3)
Rp.i.m (%)	9.0 (41.1)
Mean I/σ (I)	11.9 (3.0)
Refinement Statistics
Resolution limits (Å)	50.00–2.10
CRwork(%)/DRfree(%)	17.63/21.52
Rmsd for bonds (Å)	0.008
Rmsd for angles (˚)	1.095
B factor (Å2)	22.73
Protein	30.04
Water
SAH	20.70
No. of non-hydrogen protein atoms	1552
No. of water oxygen atoms	86
Ramachandran plot (%)
most favored regions	91.9
additional allowed regions	8.1
generously allowed regions	0.0
PDB entry	5DPM

AValues in parentheses are for the highest resolution shell.

BRmerge = Σh Σl |Ihl – |/ Σh Σl , where Ihl is the lth observation of reflection h and is the weighted average intensity for all observations l of reflection h.

CRwork factor = Σh||Fobs(h)| – |Fcal(h)||/Σh|Fobs(h)|, where Fobs(h) and Fcal(h) are the observed and calculated structure factors for reflection h respectively.

DRfree factor was calculated same as Rwork factor using the 5% the reflections selected randomly and omitted from refinement.

Figure 3

Structure of UbiG∆165–187 in complex with SAH.

(A) Cartoon show of the overall structure of UbiG∆165–187 in complex with SAH. The α-helices and β strands are labelled and colored cyan. The methyl donor product SAH is shown as a ball-and-stick model and is colored green. (B) Superimposition of the structures of wild-type UbiG and UbiG∆165–187 in complex with SAH. Wild-type UbiG and UbiG∆165–187 are colored magenta and cyan, respectively. (C) SAH binding model of UbiG∆165–187. The 2Fo-Fc electron density map (contoured at 1σ) for SAH is shown as blue. The residues involved in interacting with SAH of UbiG∆165–187 are labelled and colored cyan. The dashed lines represent hydrogen bonds.

The electron density for the SAH is well defined in the final model of UbiG∆165–187 and the SAH is bound via an extensive hydrogen bond network and hydrophobic interaction. In light of the structure, we easily identify the SAH binding sites. The adenine ring of SAH is located in a hydrophobic pocket constituted by residues Val12, Ile17, Met86, Met131, Val135, and Pro136 (Fig. 3C). The ribosyl moiety is anchored via hydrogen bonds from the O2′ and O3′ hydroxyl groups to the side chain of Asp85 (Fig. 3C). The SAH carboxyl is locked by the side chain of Arg44, whereas the corresponding SAH amine is anchored to the main chain carbonyl oxygen atoms of Gly64 and Met129 via hydrogen bonds (Fig. 3C).

The methyl donor binding model and diffusion mechanism of UbiG

Superimposition of the structures of wild-type UbiG and UbiG∆165–187 in complex with SAH, we map the SAH binding model of wild-type UbiG. As shown in Fig. 4(A), SAH is situated in the central cavity of the Rossmann-fold domain of UbiG. The interaction between UbiG and SAH can be divided into three parts in accordance to the moieties of SAH. For the adenine moiety, hydrophobic residues Met86, Met131, Val135, Met180, Val181 and Pro182 make extensive van der Waals interactions with the adenine ring (Fig. 4A). For the ribosyl moiety, the side chain of Asp85 forms two hydrogen bonds with the O2′ and O3′ hydroxyl groups (Fig. 4A). The interaction between UbiG and the homocysteine moiety of SAH is dominated by four hydrogen bonds. The side-chain of Arg44 contributes to two hydrogen bonds with the amino group of the homocysteine (Fig. 4A). The carboxyl group of the homocysteine makes another two hydrogen bonds with the main-chain carbonyl oxygen atoms of Gly64 and Met129, respectively (Fig. 4A). Then, we used the program CAVER to analyse the diffusion pathway of the methyl donor, which revealed a tunnel gated by residues Met86, Thr111, Glu113, Pro136, Asp137, Ser140, and Pro182 (Fig. 4B). This gate seems much narrow compared with that of most other class I SAM-MTases, such as catechol O-methyltransferase COMT (PDB code 1VID)16, rebeccamycin sugar 4′-O-Methyltransferase RebM (PDB code 3BUS)17, and 2-methoxy-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone 5′-C-methyltransferase Coq5 (PDB code 4OBX)18, in which the methyl donor binding pocket is uncovered.

Figure 4

The methyl donor binding model and diffusion mechanism of UbiG.

(A) A proposed SAH recognition model of UbiG. Residues involved in the interaction with SAH are labelled. (B) Surface show of the structure of UbiG. The residues gated the diffusion of the methyl donor are labelled and colored cyan. (C) Cartoon representation of the methyl donor diffusion mechanism of UbiG. Putative SAH access tunnel is calculated by CAVER and is denoted in mesh (blue). When UbiG associates with the membrane, strong hydrophobic driving forces may loosen the interaction of this membrane binding region with the core structure, and cause a relatively open channel for the diffusion of methyl donor during the O-methyl transfer process for ubiquinone biosynthesis.

Combining with the ITC results mentioned above, we conclude that in the membrane-unbound state, the diffusion of methyl donor of UbiG is greatly affected by the narrow gate constituted by the membrane binding region. When UbiG associates with the membrane, strong hydrophobic driving forces may loosen the interaction of this membrane binding region with the core structure, and cause a relatively open channel for the diffusion of methyl donor during the O-methyl transfer process for ubiquinone biosynthesis (Fig. 4C). Association of membrane-bound proteins with the surface of cellular membranes usually plays a necessary role for a large variety of cellular functions. For example, the cytoskeleton uses the lipid-binding domain for directly anchoring to the membrane surface19. Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain containing proteins bind to the membrane surface to act as membrane shapers20. The attaching of alpha-toxin to membrane surface pushes the opening of the active center, which is help for hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids2122. As we known, the O-methyl transfer reaction for ubiquinone biosynthesis catalyzed by UbiG is membrane associate in vivo14. Obviously, the membrane anchoring ability of UbiG is of benefit for sequestering substrates located in the lipid bilayer. In this study, we find surprisingly that the membrane association of UbiG also regulates the entrance of methyl donor, thus activating the O-methyl transfer reaction for ubiquinone biosynthesis. Our results provide much insight into the role of membrane association in regulating the enzyme activity of UbiG, and enhance our better understanding of the O-methyl transfer process for ubiquinone biosynthesis in vivo.

Materials and Methods

Cloning, expression and purification

Full-length UbiG from E. coli was expressed and purified as described previously23. UbiG mutants was generated by PCR with the MutanBEST Kit (TaKaRa) using the parent expression plasmid pET28a-UbiG (1-240) as template. The mutant plasmids were confirmed by DNA sequencing (Invitrogen). Plasmids containing the confirmed UbiG mutations were then transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain (Novagen), and the corresponding overproduced recombinant mutant proteins were purified as described for the wild-type UbiG23.

Crystallization, data collection and processing

Crystallization trials were conducted using the hanging drop vapour diffusion method at 287 K. The protein UbiG∆165–187 was concentrated to approximately 16 mg/ml. The UbiG∆165–187-SAH complex was prepared by mixing UbiG∆165–187 with SAH at a 1:3 molar ratio. Diffraction quality crystals of UbiG∆165–187-SAH complex were obtained with 0.1 M citric acid pH 5.0 and 20% (v/v) 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol. For data collection, the crystals were cryo-protected using 25% (v/v) glycerol supplemented with crystallization solution, and flashed cool in liquid nitrogen. Diffraction data sets for the UbiG∆165–187-SAH complex were collected on beamline 19U of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) using a CCD detector. All frames were collected at 100 K using a 1° oscillation angle with an exposure time of 0.2 s per frame. The crystal-to-detector distance was set to 250 mm. The complete diffraction datasets were subsequently processed using HKL-200024 and programs in CCP4 package25. To capture an open state of UbiG, we prepared UbiG-phosphatidylglycerol (PG) complex by mixing 16 mg/ml protein with PG in a molecular ratio of 1:3 ∼ 1:10. Crystallization screens were performed with a Mosquito liquid-handling robot (TTP LabTech) using the vapour-diffusion method in 96-well crystallization plates at 289 K. We also tried to screen UbiG for other crystal morphologies as an alternative. However, both of these attempts were failed.

Structure determination and refinement

The complex structure of the UbiG∆165–187-SAH was solved using the molecular replacement method in Molrep26, using the structure of the full-length UbiG from E. coli K12 (PDB code 4KDC) as the search model. The model was refined at 2.10 Å resolution using Refmac527 and COOT28 by manual model correction. The structure factors refinement were converged to an R-factor of 17.63% and R-free of 21.52%. These final models were both evaluated with the programs MOLPROBITY29 and PROCHECK30. The data collection and structure refinement statistics were listed in Table 1. All structure figures were created using the program PyMol (DeLano Scientific LLC).

Liposome preparation

The total lipid extract of E. coli (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc) was used to generate liposomes that mimic the component of the E. coli plasma membrane. For liposome preparation, the total lipid extract were dissolved in chloroform in a glass tube and then was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen for 20 minutes. Next, the lipid films were dried with a vacuum pump overnight and then were hydrated at room temperature with constant mixing in buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM NaCl, pH 7.5). After hydration, lipid vesicles were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in liquid nitrogen and a room temperature water bath, and then sized using Mini-Extruder Set (Avanti) with 100 nm polycarbonate filters.

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments

The ITC binding studies were performed using an ITC200 (GE) at room temperature with 0.04 ml of 1 mM SAH in the injector cell and 0.26 ml of 2 mg/mL (75 mM) UbiG, UbiG mutants and liposome-bound UbiG in the sample cell, respectively. The protein and ligands were kept in a buffer consisting of 20 mM Tris-HCl (PH 7.5) and 50 mM NaCl. Five group experiments were conducted: for the first four groups, proteins (wt-UbiG and three UbiG mutants, respectively) were titrated with SAH directly, and for another group, wt-UbiG was titrated after the incubation with liposome. For the preparation of UbiG and liposome complex, 400 μg liposome was incubated with UbiG at 4 °C for 30 min. Twenty microliters injection volumes were used for all experiments. Two consecutive injections were separated by 2 min to reset the baseline. The control experiment, consisting of titration of SAH against buffer, was performed and substracted from each experiment to adjust for the heat of dilution of ligands. ITC data was analyzed with a single-site fitting model, using Origin 8.6 (OriginLab Corp).

Analysis of methyl donor entrance

The software of CAVER was used to explore the putative cofactor access tunnel of UbiG. The position of SAH in the interior pocket was specified to identify tunnels directly connecting the cofactor binding site to the surface. The tunnel profile, which was the average tunnel cross-section radius along the length, was calculated from the detected accessible path.

Additional Information

Data availability: The coordinates and structure factors of UbiGΔ 165–187-SAH complex were deposited in the Protein Data Bank with the access code 5DPM.

How to cite this article: Zhu, Y. et al. Structural insights into the methyl donor recognition model of a novel membrane-binding protein UbiG. Sci. Rep. 6, 23147; doi: 10.1038/srep23147 (2016).