Peter D Inskip1, Alice J Sigurdson2, Lene Veiga2, Parveen Bhatti3, Cécile Ronckers4, Preetha Rajaraman2, Houda Boukheris5, Marilyn Stovall6, Susan Smith6, Sue Hammond7, Tara O Henderson8, Tanya C Watt9, Ann C Mertens10, Wendy Leisenring11, Kayla Stratton11, John Whitton11, Sarah S Donaldson12, Gregory T Armstrong13, Leslie L Robison13, Joseph P Neglia14. 1. Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Electronic address: inskippeter@gmail.com. 2. Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. 3. Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. 4. Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 5. Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; The University of Oran School of Medicine, Algeria. 6. Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. 7. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Children's Hospital and Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio. 8. University of Chicago Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Chicago, Illinois. 9. Department of Pediatric Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. 10. Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 11. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. 12. Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California. 13. Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. 14. Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The majority of childhood cancer patients now achieve long-term survival, but the treatments that cured their malignancy often put them at risk of adverse health outcomes years later. New cancers are among the most serious of these late effects. The aims of this review are to compare and contrast radiation dose-response relationships for new solid cancers in a large cohort of childhood cancer survivors and to discuss interactions among treatment and host factors. METHODS: This review is based on previously published site-specific analyses for subsequent primary cancers of the brain, breast, thyroid gland, bone and soft tissue, salivary glands, and skin among 12,268 5-year childhood cancer survivors in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Analyses included tumor site-specific, individual radiation dose reconstruction based on radiation therapy records. Radiation-related second cancer risks were estimated using conditional logistic or Poisson regression models for excess relative risk (ERR). RESULTS: Linear dose-response relationships over a wide range of radiation dose (0-50 Gy) were seen for all cancer sites except the thyroid gland. The steepest slopes occurred for sarcoma, meningioma, and nonmelanoma skin cancer (ERR/Gy > 1.00), with glioma and cancers of the breast and salivary glands forming a second group (ERR/Gy = 0.27-0.36). The relative risk for thyroid cancer increased up to 15-20 Gy and then decreased with increasing dose. The risk of thyroid cancer also was positively associated with chemotherapy, but the chemotherapy effect was not seen among those who also received very high doses of radiation to the thyroid. The excess risk of radiation-related breast cancer was sharply reduced among women who received 5 Gy or more to the ovaries. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the effect of high-dose irradiation is consistent with a linear dose-response for most organs, but they also reveal important organ-specific and host-specific differences in susceptibility and interactions between different aspects of treatment. Published by Elsevier Inc.
OBJECTIVES: The majority of childhood cancerpatients now achieve long-term survival, but the treatments that cured their malignancy often put them at risk of adverse health outcomes years later. New cancers are among the most serious of these late effects. The aims of this review are to compare and contrast radiation dose-response relationships for new solid cancers in a large cohort of childhood cancer survivors and to discuss interactions among treatment and host factors. METHODS: This review is based on previously published site-specific analyses for subsequent primary cancers of the brain, breast, thyroid gland, bone and soft tissue, salivary glands, and skin among 12,268 5-year childhood cancer survivors in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Analyses included tumor site-specific, individual radiation dose reconstruction based on radiation therapy records. Radiation-related second cancer risks were estimated using conditional logistic or Poisson regression models for excess relative risk (ERR). RESULTS: Linear dose-response relationships over a wide range of radiation dose (0-50 Gy) were seen for all cancer sites except the thyroid gland. The steepest slopes occurred for sarcoma, meningioma, and nonmelanoma skin cancer (ERR/Gy > 1.00), with glioma and cancers of the breast and salivary glands forming a second group (ERR/Gy = 0.27-0.36). The relative risk for thyroid cancer increased up to 15-20 Gy and then decreased with increasing dose. The risk of thyroid cancer also was positively associated with chemotherapy, but the chemotherapy effect was not seen among those who also received very high doses of radiation to the thyroid. The excess risk of radiation-related breast cancer was sharply reduced among women who received 5 Gy or more to the ovaries. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the effect of high-dose irradiation is consistent with a linear dose-response for most organs, but they also reveal important organ-specific and host-specific differences in susceptibility and interactions between different aspects of treatment. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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