C Kothari1, J Wiley2, A Moe3, M R Liepman4, R S Tareen5, A Curtis6. 1. Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. Electronic address: catherine.kothari@med.wmich.edu. 2. University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Electronic address: alekos124@sbcglobal.net. 3. Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. Electronic address: angie.moe@wmich.edu. 4. Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1717 Shaffer Street, Suite 010, Kalamazoo, MI 49048, USA. Electronic address: michael.liepman@med.wmich.edu. 5. Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1717 Shaffer Street, Suite 010, Kalamazoo, MI 49048, USA. Electronic address: shama.tareen@med.wmich.edu. 6. Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. Electronic address: amy.curtis@wmich.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the onset of depression beyond the first postpartum year. This study examines the onset and course of depression over an 18 month period among a socio-economically diverse, community-wide sample of women. MATERIALS & METHODS: A prospective longitudinal telephone survey of 249 women was conducted at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months after delivery. Depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and onset was defined as the first EPDS score of 12+ on the 30-point scale. Temporal trends were assessed using generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression. RESULTS: There was a significant temporal trend for EPDS scores decreasing until six months and then rebounding at 18 months; mean EPDS 5.5, 4.3, 4.2, and 4.9 at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months respectively, GEE, P < .001. Depression onset followed a similar trend and was found to be 6.8%, 2.6%, 2.7% and 6.0% at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months respectively, GEE, P = .068. The high scores of the early-onset group (mean 14.4 at two weeks) contributed to the early depression spike, while the high scores of the late-onset group (mean 13.9 at 18 months) contributed to the late spike. CONCLUSIONS: Two peaks of depression were identified, one early and one late. They appear to be the result of two processes: (1) elevated depression symptoms at two-weeks and again at 18 months postpartum experienced by the full sample and, thus, they may be a normal trend, and (2) onset of major depression by two sub-groups of women, one at each time period. Therefore, continued screening after one-year post delivery is indicated.
INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the onset of depression beyond the first postpartum year. This study examines the onset and course of depression over an 18 month period among a socio-economically diverse, community-wide sample of women. MATERIALS & METHODS: A prospective longitudinal telephone survey of 249 women was conducted at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months after delivery. Depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and onset was defined as the first EPDS score of 12+ on the 30-point scale. Temporal trends were assessed using generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression. RESULTS: There was a significant temporal trend for EPDS scores decreasing until six months and then rebounding at 18 months; mean EPDS 5.5, 4.3, 4.2, and 4.9 at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months respectively, GEE, P < .001. Depression onset followed a similar trend and was found to be 6.8%, 2.6%, 2.7% and 6.0% at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months respectively, GEE, P = .068. The high scores of the early-onset group (mean 14.4 at two weeks) contributed to the early depression spike, while the high scores of the late-onset group (mean 13.9 at 18 months) contributed to the late spike. CONCLUSIONS: Two peaks of depression were identified, one early and one late. They appear to be the result of two processes: (1) elevated depression symptoms at two-weeks and again at 18 months postpartum experienced by the full sample and, thus, they may be a normal trend, and (2) onset of major depression by two sub-groups of women, one at each time period. Therefore, continued screening after one-year post delivery is indicated.