Christopher Morrison1, William R Ponicki2, Paul J Gruenewald3, Douglas J Wiebe4, Karen Smith5. 1. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: christopher.morrison@monash.edu. 2. Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Ste. 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, United States. Electronic address: bponicki@prev.org. 3. Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue, Ste. 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, United States. Electronic address: paul@prev.org. 4. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: dwiebe@exchange.upenn.edu. 5. Research and Evaluation Department, Ambulance Victoria, 31 Joseph St, Blackburn North, Victoria 3130, Australia. Electronic address: Karen.Smith@ambulance.vic.gov.au.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study examines spatial relationships between alcohol outlet density and the incidence of alcohol-related crashes. The few prior studies conducted in this area used relatively large spatial units; here we use highly resolved units from Melbourne, Australia (Statistical Area level 1 [SA1] units: mean land area=0.5 km(2); SD=2.2 km(2)), in order to assess different micro-scale spatial relationships for on- and off-premise outlets. METHODS: Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models were used to assess cross-sectional relationships of three-year counts of alcohol-related crashes (2010-2012) attended by Ambulance Victoria paramedics to densities of bars, restaurants, and off-premise outlets controlling for other land use, demographic and roadway characteristics. RESULTS: Alcohol-related crashes were not related to bar density within local SA1 units, but were positively related to bar density in adjacent SA1 units. Alcohol-related crashes were negatively related to off-premise outlet density in local SA1 units. CONCLUSIONS: Examined in one metropolitan area using small spatial units, bar density is related to greater crash risk in surrounding areas. Observed negative relationships for off-premise outlets may be because the origins and destinations of alcohol-affected journeys are in distal locations relative to outlets.
BACKGROUND: This study examines spatial relationships between alcohol outlet density and the incidence of alcohol-related crashes. The few prior studies conducted in this area used relatively large spatial units; here we use highly resolved units from Melbourne, Australia (Statistical Area level 1 [SA1] units: mean land area=0.5 km(2); SD=2.2 km(2)), in order to assess different micro-scale spatial relationships for on- and off-premise outlets. METHODS: Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models were used to assess cross-sectional relationships of three-year counts of alcohol-related crashes (2010-2012) attended by Ambulance Victoria paramedics to densities of bars, restaurants, and off-premise outlets controlling for other land use, demographic and roadway characteristics. RESULTS:Alcohol-related crashes were not related to bar density within local SA1 units, but were positively related to bar density in adjacent SA1 units. Alcohol-related crashes were negatively related to off-premise outlet density in local SA1 units. CONCLUSIONS: Examined in one metropolitan area using small spatial units, bar density is related to greater crash risk in surrounding areas. Observed negative relationships for off-premise outlets may be because the origins and destinations of alcohol-affected journeys are in distal locations relative to outlets.
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