Gilles R Dagenais1, Hertzel C Gerstein2, Xiaohe Zhang2, Matthew McQueen2, Scott Lear3, Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo4, Viswanathan Mohan5, Prem Mony6, Rajeev Gupta7, V Raman Kutty8, Rajesh Kumar9, Omar Rahman10, Khalid Yusoff11, Katarzyna Zatonska12, Aytekin Oguz13, Annika Rosengren14, Roya Kelishadi15, Afzalhussein Yusufali16, Rafael Diaz17, Alvaro Avezum18, Fernando Lanas19, Annamarie Kruger20, Nasheeta Peer21, Jephat Chifamba22, Romaina Iqbal23, Noorhassim Ismail24, Bai Xiulin25, Liu Jiankang26, Deng Wenqing27, Yue Gejie28, Sumathy Rangarajan2, Koon Teo2, Salim Yusuf2. 1. Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada gilles.dagenais@criucpq.ulaval.ca. 2. Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 3. Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, and Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 4. Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia. 5. Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. 6. Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Population Health, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India. 7. Fortis Escorts Hospital, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, India. 8. Health Action by People, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. 9. PGIMER School of Public Health, Chandigarh, India. 10. Independent University, Bangladesh, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 11. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia UCSI University, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia. 12. Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. 13. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey. 14. Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Göteborg, Sweden. 15. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 16. Hatta Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. 17. Estudios Clínicos Latinoamérica, Rosario, Argentina. 18. Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 19. Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. 20. Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. 21. Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. 22. Physiology Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. 23. Departments of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. 24. Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 25. Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, FuWai Hospital, Beijing, China. 26. Jianshe Road Community Health Center, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China. 27. Health Center, Dayicaichang Town, Sichuan Province, China. 28. Qiluhuayuan Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess whether diabetes prevalence varies by countries at different economic levels and whether this can be explained by known risk factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The prevalence of diabetes, defined as self-reported or fasting glycemia ≥7 mmol/L, was documented in 119,666 adults from three high-income (HIC), seven upper-middle-income (UMIC), four lower-middle-income (LMIC), and four low-income (LIC) countries. Relationships between diabetes and its risk factors within these country groupings were assessed using multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted diabetes prevalences were highest in the poorer countries and lowest in the wealthiest countries (LIC 12.3%, UMIC 11.1%, LMIC 8.7%, and HIC 6.6%; P < 0.0001). In the overall population, diabetes risk was higher with a 5-year increase in age (odds ratio 1.29 [95% CI 1.28-1.31]), male sex (1.19 [1.13-1.25]), urban residency (1.24 [1.11-1.38]), low versus high education level (1.10 [1.02-1.19]), low versus high physical activity (1.28 [1.20-1.38]), family history of diabetes (3.15 [3.00-3.31]), higher waist-to-hip ratio (highest vs. lowest quartile; 3.63 [3.33-3.96]), and BMI (≥35 vs. <25 kg/m(2); 2.76 [2.52-3.03]). The relationship between diabetes prevalence and both BMI and family history of diabetes differed in higher- versus lower-income country groups (P for interaction < 0.0001). After adjustment for all risk factors and ethnicity, diabetes prevalences continued to show a gradient (LIC 14.0%, LMIC 10.1%, UMIC 10.9%, and HIC 5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional risk factors do not fully account for the higher prevalence of diabetes in LIC countries. These findings suggest that other factors are responsible for the higher prevalence of diabetes in LIC countries.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess whether diabetes prevalence varies by countries at different economic levels and whether this can be explained by known risk factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The prevalence of diabetes, defined as self-reported or fasting glycemia ≥7 mmol/L, was documented in 119,666 adults from three high-income (HIC), seven upper-middle-income (UMIC), four lower-middle-income (LMIC), and four low-income (LIC) countries. Relationships between diabetes and its risk factors within these country groupings were assessed using multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted diabetes prevalences were highest in the poorer countries and lowest in the wealthiest countries (LIC 12.3%, UMIC 11.1%, LMIC 8.7%, and HIC 6.6%; P < 0.0001). In the overall population, diabetes risk was higher with a 5-year increase in age (odds ratio 1.29 [95% CI 1.28-1.31]), male sex (1.19 [1.13-1.25]), urban residency (1.24 [1.11-1.38]), low versus high education level (1.10 [1.02-1.19]), low versus high physical activity (1.28 [1.20-1.38]), family history of diabetes (3.15 [3.00-3.31]), higher waist-to-hip ratio (highest vs. lowest quartile; 3.63 [3.33-3.96]), and BMI (≥35 vs. <25 kg/m(2); 2.76 [2.52-3.03]). The relationship between diabetes prevalence and both BMI and family history of diabetes differed in higher- versus lower-income country groups (P for interaction < 0.0001). After adjustment for all risk factors and ethnicity, diabetes prevalences continued to show a gradient (LIC 14.0%, LMIC 10.1%, UMIC 10.9%, and HIC 5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional risk factors do not fully account for the higher prevalence of diabetes in LIC countries. These findings suggest that other factors are responsible for the higher prevalence of diabetes in LIC countries.
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