Yuan Yuan Hu1, Jian Feng Wu2, Tai Liang Lu3, Hui Wu4, Wei Sun3, Da Dong Guo4, Wen Jun Jiang4, Xing Rong Wang4, Jost B Jonas5, Hong Sheng Bi4. 1. The First College of Clinical Medicine Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China 2Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan Shandong, China. 2. Ophthalmology & Optometry Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China. 3. Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan Shandong, China. 4. Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China. 5. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To describe prevalence and associations of anisometropia in children. METHODS: The cross-sectional school-based study included children aged 4 to 18 years. RESULTS: The study included 6025 (94.7%) of 6364 eligible children. Mean refractive anisometropia was 0.37 ± 0.57 diopters (median: 0.25 diopters; range: 0-7.88 diopters; prevalence [≥1 diopter]: 7.0% ± 0.3%). In multivariate analysis (regression coefficient r: 0.66), higher refractive anisometropia was associated with older age (P < 0.001; β: 0.07; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02), higher maternal education level (P < 0.001; β: 0.04; B: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01-0.03), more total time spent indoors reading or writing (P = 0.001; β: 0.04; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02), larger intereye difference in axial length (P < 0.001; β: 0.57; B: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.15-1.24), shorter mean axial length of both eyes (P = 0.03; β: -0.03; B: -0.02; 95% CI: -0.03 to -0.001), larger intereye difference in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (P < 0.001; β: 0.14; B: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.54-2.12), and lower stereoacuity (P < 0.001; β: 0.08; B: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.22-0.39). Refractive anisometropia showed a U-shaped correlation with refractive error. Higher anisomyopia was associated (r: 0.57) with older age (P = 0.001; β: 0.05; B: 0.006; 95% CI: 0.002-0.009), higher level of paternal education (P = 0.001; β: 0.01; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02), more total time spent indoors reading or writing (P = 0.01; β: 0.03; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.00-0.01), larger intereye difference in axial length (P < 0.001; β: 0.22; B: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.23-0.29), greater myopic refractive error (P < 0.001; β: -0.46; B: -0.07; 95% CI: -0.08 to -0.07), and lower corneal astigmatism (P < 0.001; β: -0.10; B: -0.06; 95% CI: -0.08 to -0.05). In the same multivariate model, hyperopic anisometropia was not significantly associated with time spent indoors with reading (P = 0.18). Cylindrical anisometropia (mean: 0.30 ± 0.32 diopters; prevalence [≥1 diopter]: 3.7% ± 0.2%) increased with higher refractive anisometropia (P < 0.001; β: 0.16; B: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.08-0.11), greater myopic refractive error (P < 0.001; β: -0.06; B: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.01 to -0.01), higher corneal astigmatism (P < 0.001; β: -0.22; B: -0.15; 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.13), and lower mean BCVA (P < 0.001; β: 0.11; B: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.68-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: In 4- to 18-year-old children, refractive anisometropia and anisomyopia increased with systemic parameters such as age, parental education level, and lifestyle of the children, for example, more time spent indoors reading or writing. In contrast, hyperopic anisometropia and cylindrical anisometropia were not related with lifestyle parameters.
PURPOSE: To describe prevalence and associations of anisometropia in children. METHODS: The cross-sectional school-based study included children aged 4 to 18 years. RESULTS: The study included 6025 (94.7%) of 6364 eligible children. Mean refractive anisometropia was 0.37 ± 0.57 diopters (median: 0.25 diopters; range: 0-7.88 diopters; prevalence [≥1 diopter]: 7.0% ± 0.3%). In multivariate analysis (regression coefficient r: 0.66), higher refractive anisometropia was associated with older age (P < 0.001; β: 0.07; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02), higher maternal education level (P < 0.001; β: 0.04; B: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01-0.03), more total time spent indoors reading or writing (P = 0.001; β: 0.04; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02), larger intereye difference in axial length (P < 0.001; β: 0.57; B: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.15-1.24), shorter mean axial length of both eyes (P = 0.03; β: -0.03; B: -0.02; 95% CI: -0.03 to -0.001), larger intereye difference in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (P < 0.001; β: 0.14; B: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.54-2.12), and lower stereoacuity (P < 0.001; β: 0.08; B: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.22-0.39). Refractive anisometropia showed a U-shaped correlation with refractive error. Higher anisomyopia was associated (r: 0.57) with older age (P = 0.001; β: 0.05; B: 0.006; 95% CI: 0.002-0.009), higher level of paternal education (P = 0.001; β: 0.01; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02), more total time spent indoors reading or writing (P = 0.01; β: 0.03; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.00-0.01), larger intereye difference in axial length (P < 0.001; β: 0.22; B: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.23-0.29), greater myopic refractive error (P < 0.001; β: -0.46; B: -0.07; 95% CI: -0.08 to -0.07), and lower corneal astigmatism (P < 0.001; β: -0.10; B: -0.06; 95% CI: -0.08 to -0.05). In the same multivariate model, hyperopic anisometropia was not significantly associated with time spent indoors with reading (P = 0.18). Cylindrical anisometropia (mean: 0.30 ± 0.32 diopters; prevalence [≥1 diopter]: 3.7% ± 0.2%) increased with higher refractive anisometropia (P < 0.001; β: 0.16; B: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.08-0.11), greater myopic refractive error (P < 0.001; β: -0.06; B: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.01 to -0.01), higher corneal astigmatism (P < 0.001; β: -0.22; B: -0.15; 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.13), and lower mean BCVA (P < 0.001; β: 0.11; B: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.68-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: In 4- to 18-year-old children, refractive anisometropia and anisomyopia increased with systemic parameters such as age, parental education level, and lifestyle of the children, for example, more time spent indoors reading or writing. In contrast, hyperopic anisometropia and cylindrical anisometropia were not related with lifestyle parameters.