Henry M Semakula1, Guobao Song2, Shushen Zhang2, Simon P Achuu3. 1. Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, Uganda. 2. Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China. 3. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The increasing protection gaps of insecticide-treated nets and indoor-residual spraying methods against malaria have led to an emergence of residual transmission in sub-Saharan Africa and thus, supplementary strategies to control mosquitoes are urgently required. OBJECTIVE: To assess household environmental resources and practices that increase or reduce malaria risk among children under-five years of age in order to identify those aspects that can be adopted to control residual transmission. METHODS: Household environmental resources, practices and malaria test results were extracted from Malaria Indicators Survey datasets for Tanzania, Burundi, Malawi and Liberia with 16,747 children from 11,469 households utilised in the analysis. Logistic regressions were performed to quantify the contribution of each factor to malaria occurrence. RESULTS: Cattle rearing reduced malaria risk between 26%-49% while rearing goats increased the risk between 26%-32%. All piped-water systems reduced malaria risk between 30%-87% (Tanzania), 48%-95% (Burundi), 67%-77% (Malawi) and 58%-73 (Liberia). Flush toilets reduced malaria risk between 47%-96%. Protected-wells increased malaria risk between 19%-44%. Interestingly, boreholes increased malaria risk between 19%-75%. Charcoal use reduced malaria risk between 11%-49%. CONCLUSION: Vector control options for tackling mosquitoes were revealed based on their risk levels. These included cattle rearing, installation of piped-water systems and flush toilets as well as use of smokeless fuels.
BACKGROUND: The increasing protection gaps of insecticide-treated nets and indoor-residual spraying methods against malaria have led to an emergence of residual transmission in sub-Saharan Africa and thus, supplementary strategies to control mosquitoes are urgently required. OBJECTIVE: To assess household environmental resources and practices that increase or reduce malaria risk among children under-five years of age in order to identify those aspects that can be adopted to control residual transmission. METHODS: Household environmental resources, practices and malaria test results were extracted from Malaria Indicators Survey datasets for Tanzania, Burundi, Malawi and Liberia with 16,747 children from 11,469 households utilised in the analysis. Logistic regressions were performed to quantify the contribution of each factor to malaria occurrence. RESULTS:Cattle rearing reduced malaria risk between 26%-49% while rearing goats increased the risk between 26%-32%. All piped-water systems reduced malaria risk between 30%-87% (Tanzania), 48%-95% (Burundi), 67%-77% (Malawi) and 58%-73 (Liberia). Flush toilets reduced malaria risk between 47%-96%. Protected-wells increased malaria risk between 19%-44%. Interestingly, boreholes increased malaria risk between 19%-75%. Charcoal use reduced malaria risk between 11%-49%. CONCLUSION: Vector control options for tackling mosquitoes were revealed based on their risk levels. These included cattle rearing, installation of piped-water systems and flush toilets as well as use of smokeless fuels.
Authors: Krijn P Paaijmans; Simon Blanford; Andrew S Bell; Justine I Blanford; Andrew F Read; Matthew B Thomas Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2010-08-09 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Heather M Ferguson; Anna Dornhaus; Arlyne Beeche; Christian Borgemeister; Michael Gottlieb; Mir S Mulla; John E Gimnig; Durland Fish; Gerry F Killeen Journal: PLoS Med Date: 2010-08-03 Impact factor: 11.069
Authors: Hanako Iwashita; Gabriel O Dida; George O Sonye; Toshihiko Sunahara; Kyoko Futami; Sammy M Njenga; Luis F Chaves; Noboru Minakawa Journal: Parasit Vectors Date: 2014-01-28 Impact factor: 3.876
Authors: Abdisalan M Noor; Damaris K Kinyoki; Clara W Mundia; Caroline W Kabaria; Jonesmus W Mutua; Victor A Alegana; Ibrahima Socé Fall; Robert W Snow Journal: Lancet Date: 2014-02-20 Impact factor: 202.731
Authors: Michelle L Gatton; Nakul Chitnis; Thomas Churcher; Martin J Donnelly; Azra C Ghani; H Charles J Godfray; Fred Gould; Ian Hastings; John Marshall; Hilary Ranson; Mark Rowland; Jeff Shaman; Steve W Lindsay Journal: Evolution Date: 2013-02-15 Impact factor: 3.694
Authors: Phillips Edomwonyi Obasohan; Stephen J Walters; Richard Jacques; Khaled Khatab Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-02-22 Impact factor: 3.390