Helio Fernandez Tellez1,2, Shawnda A Morrison3,4, Xavier Neyt2,5, Olivier Mairesse1,6, Maria Francesca Piacentini1,7, Eoin Macdonald-Nethercott8,9, Andrej Pangerc4, Leja Dolenc-Groselj4, Ola Eiken10, Nathalie Pattyn1,2,11, Igor B Mekjavic3, Romain Meeusen1,12. 1. Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Human Physiology & Sports Medicine Department, Brussels, Belgium. 2. Royal Military Academy of Brussels, VIPER Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium. 3. Department of Automation, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. 4. Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Clinical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia. 5. Royal Military Academy Brussels, CISS, Brussels, Belgium. 6. Sleep Laboratory & Unit for Chronobiology-Brugmann University Hospital Free University of Brussels (U.L.B./V.U.B), Brussels, Belgium. 7. Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy. 8. JF Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 9. Institut polaire français Paul-Emile Victor, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France. 10. Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. 11. Experimental and Applied Psychology Department, Brussels, Belgium. 12. School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville City, Queensland, Australia.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Exposure to hypoxia elevates chemosensitivity, which can lead to periodic breathing. Exercise impacts gas exchange, altering chemosensitivity; however, interactions between sleep, exercise and chronic hypoxic exposure have not been examined. This study investigated whether exerciseexacerbates sleep-related periodic breathing in hypoxia. METHODS: Two experimental phases. Short-Term Phase: a laboratory controlled, group-design study in which 16 active, healthy men (age: 25± 3 y, height: 1.79 ± 0.06 m, mass: 74 ± 8 kg) were confined to a normobaric hypoxic environment (FIO2 = 0.139 ± 0.003, 4,000 m) for 10 days, after random assignment to a sedentary (control, CON) or cycle-exercise group (EX). Long-Term Phase: conducted at the Concordia Antarctic Research Station (3,800 m equivalent at the Equator) where 14 men (age: 36 ± 9 y, height: 1.77 ± 0.09 m, mass: 75 ± 10 kg) lived for 12-14 months, continuously confined. Participants were stratified post hoc based on self-reported physical activity levels. We quantified apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and physical activity variables. RESULTS: Short-Term Phase: mean AHI scores were significantly elevated in the EX group compared to CON (Night1 = CON: 39 ± 51, EX: 91 ± 59; Night10 = CON: 32 ± 32, EX: 92± 48; P = 0.046). Long-Term Phase: AHI was correlated to mean exercise time (R(2) = 0.4857; P = 0.008) and the coefficient of variation in night oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2; R(2) = 0.3062; P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Data indicate that exercise (physical activity) per se affects night SpO2 concentrations and AHI after a minimum of two bouts of moderate-intensity hypoxic exercise, while habitual physical activity in hypobaric hypoxic confinement affects breathing during sleep, up to 13+ months' duration.
RCT Entities:
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Exposure to hypoxia elevates chemosensitivity, which can lead to periodic breathing. Exercise impacts gas exchange, altering chemosensitivity; however, interactions between sleep, exercise and chronic hypoxic exposure have not been examined. This study investigated whether exercise exacerbates sleep-related periodic breathing in hypoxia. METHODS: Two experimental phases. Short-Term Phase: a laboratory controlled, group-design study in which 16 active, healthy men (age: 25 ± 3 y, height: 1.79 ± 0.06 m, mass: 74 ± 8 kg) were confined to a normobaric hypoxic environment (FIO2 = 0.139 ± 0.003, 4,000 m) for 10 days, after random assignment to a sedentary (control, CON) or cycle-exercise group (EX). Long-Term Phase: conducted at the Concordia Antarctic Research Station (3,800 m equivalent at the Equator) where 14 men (age: 36 ± 9 y, height: 1.77 ± 0.09 m, mass: 75 ± 10 kg) lived for 12-14 months, continuously confined. Participants were stratified post hoc based on self-reported physical activity levels. We quantified apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and physical activity variables. RESULTS: Short-Term Phase: mean AHI scores were significantly elevated in the EX group compared to CON (Night1 = CON: 39 ± 51, EX: 91 ± 59; Night10 = CON: 32 ± 32, EX: 92 ± 48; P = 0.046). Long-Term Phase: AHI was correlated to mean exercise time (R(2) = 0.4857; P = 0.008) and the coefficient of variation in night oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2; R(2) = 0.3062; P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Data indicate that exercise (physical activity) per se affects night SpO2 concentrations and AHI after a minimum of two bouts of moderate-intensity hypoxic exercise, while habitual physical activity in hypobaric hypoxic confinement affects breathing during sleep, up to 13+ months' duration.
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