Comparison of Biofilm Formation between Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the biofilm formation and the prevalence of biofilm-associated genes between the isolates of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus.
METHODS: In total, 209 S. aureus isolates were collected. The antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using nine antibiotics according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Phenotypic biofilm formation was performed with microtiter plate assay. The polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect icaA, icaD, icaB, icaC, clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, fib, cna, eno, ebps, bbp, mecA, and SCCmec types as well as agr group genes with specific primers.
RESULTS: Sixty-four (30.62%) isolates were resistant to methicillin, and 54 (83%) MRSA harbored SCCmec III. Furthermore, 122 (58.3%) isolates belonged to agr group I. Twenty-six (36.1%) MRSA and 42 (28.9%) MSSA isolates were strong biofilm producers (no significant difference). The prevalence of icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC genes in MSSA isolates was 71, 41, 76, and 72%, respectively. The frequency of clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, fib, cna, eno, ebps, and bbp in MSSA was 100, 100, 56, 46, 74, 54, 78, 11, and 1%, respectively. However, in MRSA isolates, the frequency was 97, 97, 64, 51, 76, 56, 79, and 12% with no track of bbp, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Statistical difference between MSSA and MRSA regarding biofilm formation and the frequency of all biofilm-encoding genes was not significant. The majority of the S. aureus isolates harbored clfA, clfB, eno, fib, icaA, and icaD genes.

INTRODUCTION

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most nosocomial pathogens. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, which have been developed for four decades, resist a wide spectrum of antibiotics. Biofilm formation in S. aureus isolates occurs through a polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) and also through microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs)[[1]-[4]]. These structures mediate the S. aureus initial attachment to both host tissues and biomaterials[[5]]. Biofilm formation interferes with bacterial recognition and killing mechanisms of the innate immune system[[4]]. MSCRAMMs play a key role in initiation of endovascular, bone and joint and prosthetic device infections[[6]]. Various S. aureus strains may not have a similar profile in the prevalent constellations of MSCRAMMs and also can make the individuals predispose to certain kinds of infections through binding to molecules such as collagen, fibronectin and fibrinogen[[7],[8]]. S. aureus can express up to 20 different adhesive MSCRAMMs that are covalently anchored by sortase to peptidoglycan via the C-terminal LPXTG motif[[6]]. These adhesion proteins include the ClfA and ClfB (clumping factors A and B), FnbA and FnbB (fibronectin-binding proteins A and B), Fib (fibrinogen-binding protein), Cna (collagen-binding protein), Eno (laminin-binding protein), Ebp (elastin-binding protein), and Bbp (bone sialoprotein-binding protein). The initial site of attachment is in the moist squamous epithelium of the anterior nares of the host[[9]]. ClfA is the major staphylococcal fibrinogen binding-protein and is responsible for the observed clumping of S. aureus in blood plasma and culminating in arthritis and endocarditis[[4]]. ClfA also binds to platelet άIIbβ3 integrin[[7]]. On the other hand, ClfB binds to human cytokeratin 10 and to fibrinogen, as a bi-functional protein and thus mediates the nasal colonization and acts as a key virulence factor, which leads to metastatic infection and/or development of sepsis[[7]]. Both ClfA and ClfB interact with and inhibit complement C3. FnbA and FnbB are also involved in bacterial invasion of the endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro through RGD motif and then mediate the induction of cell signaling and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton[[10]]. The FnBPA adhesions interact with receptors on endothelial cells and result in cardiovascular disease and cardiac device infections via platelet activation, a key step in thrombus formation and attachment to implanted prosthetic materials, respectively[[7]]. The cna gene encodes Cna protein and mediates the adhesion of S. aureus to collagenous tissues and cartilage[[11]]. It has been reported that the acquisition of antibiotic resistance does not change the capacity of biofilm formation in MRSA strains[[2]]. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of biofilm-related genes and their ability in biofilm formation between MRSA and MSSA isolates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bacterial isolates

A total of 209 S. aureus clinical isolates were collected from patients in different hospitals from July 2012 to January 2013. Figure 1 shows the major sites of infection, including trachea, blood, wound, bronchus, sputum, and soft tissue. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests, such as mannitol fermentation on mannitol salt agar (Merck, Germany) medium, slide and tube coagulase tests, DNase production and colony morphology on blood agar medium.

Fig. 1

Different sampling sites for collection of the isolates

Antibiotic susceptibility test

Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute[[12]]. The S. aureus strain of ATCC25923 was prepared to control the quality of the antibiotic susceptibility test. Different disks were used in AST, including oxacillin (1 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), clindamycin (2 µg), vancomycin (2 µg), linezolid (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (25 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), amoxicillin (10 µg), and ciprofloxacin (5 µg) (all purchased from MAST, UK).

Microtiter tissue plate (MTP) method

The MTP method was conducted as previously described[10]. In brief, the wells of a microtiter plate were inoculated with 180 μl trypticase soy broth supplemented with 1% glucose. Each bacterial culture (20 µl) with a turbidity equivalent to an 0.5 McFarland standard was added to each well of polystyrene, 96-well, sterile, flat-bottomed tissue culture plates. After 24-h incubation at 35ºC, the wells were decanted and washed three times with sterile saline phosphate buffer. Next, methanol (for 20 min), and safranin 0.1% (for 15 min) were added to the wells. The stained wells were washed and left to ambient temperature to be dried. The safranin dye bound to the adherent cells was dissolved in 1 mL 95% ethanol per well, and the optical densities (ODs) of the plates were observed at 490 nm (A490) by using a microtiter-plate reader. Each assay was performed in triplicate. As a negative control, trypticase soy broth medium was used to determine background OD. OD cut-off was then determined as an average OD of negative control + 3× standard deviation (SD) of negative control. The OD cut-off value was separately calculated for each microtiter plate. Biofilm formation by isolates was calculated and categorized according to the absorbance of the safranin-stained attached cells (Table 1)[[10]].

Table 1

Classification of biofilm formation abilities by MTP assay[[10]]

Cut-off value calculation	Biofilm formation abilities
OD>4×ODc	Strong
2×ODc<OD≤4×ODc	Moderate
ODc<OD≤2×ODc	Weak
OD≤ODc	Negative

Extraction of genomic DNA

Five colonies of each bacterial isolate were suspended in 200 µl Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer and then 20 µl lysostaphin (2 µg/ml, Sigma, UK) was added. The genomic DNA of the isolates was purified according to the method described before[[13]].

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Simplex and multiplex PCRs were used to amplify mecA gene in MRSA, SCCmec types and agr groups as well as the genes encoding PIA and adhesive surface proteins, including icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, fib, eno, cna, ebps, and bbp. Specific primers for these genes and also the thermal profiles of PCR for the studied genes have been depicted in our previous studies[[14],[15]].

Data analysis

Pearson’s chi-square was used to in statistical analysis. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Antibiotic susceptibility testing

All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates for amoxicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was as follows: 90% (n=189), 29% (n=61), 25% (n=52), 19% (n=40), 19% (n=40), 15.3% (n=32), 11% (n=23), respectively.

Detection of methicillin-resistant strains

The phenotypic test indicated that 64 (30.62%) isolates were resistant to methicillin. The mecA gene was also detected in these isolates with specific primers. The MRSA isolates were significantly more resistant than MSSA isolates to the majority of the antibiotics (P≤0.05, Table 2), except for vancomycin and linezolid (Fig. 2).

Table 2

Comparison between MSSA and MRSA isolates regarding antibiotic resistance percentage and the prevalence of agr group I

Isolates	AMX	CD	E	T	SXT	GM	CIP	agr I
MSSA	86.66	6.66	11.11	31.11	4.44	4.44	11.11	56%
MRSA	90.00	56.66	77.00	66.66	23.23	56.66	76.66	58%
P	0.57	0.001	0.001	0.03	0.02	0.001	0.001	0.52

Fig. 2

The antibiotic resistance pattern of MRSA and MSSA isolates. AMX, amoxicillin; T, tetracycline; E, erythromycin; CD, clindamycin, GM, gentamicin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; CIP, ciprofloxacin; LZD, linezolid; VAN, vancomycin

Phenotypic biofilm production

The MTP assay demonstrated that 14 (21.8%) MRSA and 42 (28.9%) MSSA isolates were strong biofilm producers (no significant difference). Furthermore, approximately 50% of the total isolates showed a moderate level of biofilm formation.

SCC types

The majority of the MRSA isolates (n=54, 84%) harbored SCCmec III. However, 30 isolates with SCCmec type III were only susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. The SCCmec types V and I were detected in 9% (n=6) and 6% (n=4) of the isolates, respectively.

genes

In total, 122 (58.3%) isolates belonged to agr group I, followed by agr group II (n=46, 22%), agr group IV (n=27, 13%) and agr group III (n=9, 4%). There was no relationship between agr specific groups and clinical signs (P=0.21).

Frequency of and genes

The ica genes were identified by PCR method. The size of PCR product for icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC genes were 188, 198, 900, and 1100 bp, respectively. The frequency of the icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC genes in MSSA isolates was 71%, 54%, 69%, and 71%, respectively. In the MRSA isolates, the frequency of these genes was 76%, 69%, 64%, and 74%, respectively. There was no significant difference between MRSA and MSSA regarding the presence of these genes. Also, there was no relation between icaA, icaD, icaB, icaC genes and agr groups or MRSA. The difference in the frequency of icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC genes between MRSA and MSSA is shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3

The frequency of the icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC genes between MRSA and MSSA

Prevalence of genes encoding microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules

Biofilm-related genes were amplified by two multiplex PCR panels (Figs. 4 and 5). The frequency of clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, fib, cna, eno, ebps, and bbp in MRSA isolates was 97%, 97%, 64%, 51%, 76%, 56%, 79%, and 12% with no track of bbp, respectively. However, in MRSA isolates, the frequency was 100%, 100%, 56%, 46%, 74%, 54%, 78%, 11%, and 1%, respectively (Fig. 6). The statistical difference between MSSA and MRSA regarding the frequency of all the biofilm-encoding genes was not significant (Table 3). There was no relationship between these genes and agr groups as depicted in Table 4.

Fig. 4

The PCR products of clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, and fib genes. Lanes 1 and 2, clfA (288 bp), clfB (204 bp), fnbA (128 bp), fnbB (524 bp), and fib (405 bp) genes; Lane 3, all the genes without the fnbB gene; Lane 4, marker 100 bp (Fermentas, USA).

Fig. 5.

The multiplex of eno, cna, ebps, and bbp genes. Lanes 1-6, and 8, eno and cna genes with 301 and 192 bp, respectively; Lane 7, cna gene (the ebps and bbp genes not shown). M: marker 100 bp (Fermentas, USA).

Fig. 6

The frequency of the genes encoding MSCRAMMs between MRSA and MSSA isolates.

Table 3

The comparison of biofilm-related genes percentage between MRSA and MSSA isolates

Isolates	icaA	icaB	icaC	icaD	clfA	clfB	fnbA	fnbB	cna	eno	fib	ebps	bbp
MSSA	71.00	54.00	69.00	71.00	100.00	100.00	56.00	46.00	54.00	78.00	74.00	11.00	1.00
MRSA	76.00	64.00	69.00	74.00	97.40	97.40	64.00	51.00	56.00	79.00	76.00	12.00	0.00
P value	0.37	0.26	0.59	0.42	0.57	0.57	0.32	0.33	0.56	0.34	0.36	0.43	0.53

Table 4

The presence of biofilm-related genes in case of each agr specific group

Group	icaA	icaB	icaC	icaD	clfA	clfB	fnbA	fnbB	cna	eno	fib	ebps	bbp
agrI	59	45	61	61	98	98	65	45	57	90	70	12	0.02
agrII	54	49	56	54	100	100	74	44	62	92	69	13	0
agrIII	79	64	71	70	100	100	76	43	56	76	66	7	0
agrIV	67	60	67	69	100	100	67	33	67	80	70	7	0

DISCUSSION

All of the isolates in the present study were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid and likewise, the majority was susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Generally, vancomycin and linezolid are completely effective in MRSA treatment; however, reduced susceptibility to both antibiotics have been reported in some studies[2,16]. Vancomycin and other glycopeptides have remained the last resorts for eradication of S. aureus infections.

The results from the current study indicated that the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolated pathology originated from different infected areas (trachea, blood, wound etc.) was not significantly meaningful. Also, 64 isolates were MRSA, and the majority of MRSA harbored the SCCmec type III. Previous reports have also indicated that the SCCmec type III is the predominant type in Iran[[2],[16],[17]]. Based on our findings, the majority of the isolates (both MRSA and MSSA) belonged to agr I (58.3%), followed by the agr II, agr IV, and the agr III. Previous studies have also depicted that the agr I is the predominant type in Iran[[15],[18]]. The relationship between agr I and several characteristics, such as the AST pattern, the prevalence of biofilm-related genes, and biofilm formation exhibited that the isolates belonged to agr I had higher antibiotic resistance compared to those with other agr specific groups. In the phenotypic biofilm formation, the MSSA and MRSA isolates produced biofilm, and there was no significant difference (P<0.05).

The present study indicated that ClfA and ClfB were present in more than 95% of the isolates and constituted the bound coagulase of S. aureus. Similar to the current study, previous surveys have determined a high prevalence of icaA and icaD genes with a relationship to phenotypic biofilm formation[[19]-[21]]. For instance, Nasr et al.[[21]] detected the icaA and icaD genes in (34%) of catheter and blood isolates that were capable of biofilm formation. This study demonstrated that there was a relationship between the biofilm formation and the presence of these genes. The difference between MRSA and MSSA was not significant regarding the presence of these genes. This result emphasizes that the SCCmec genes are separate from and independent of ica locus. A comparative analysis between these isolates in the present study demonstrated that there is no significant difference between blood, wound and trachea isolates regarding the presence of biofilm-associated genes. The frequency of the clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, cna, eno, fib, ebps, and bbp genes between MRSA and MSSA isolates was not significantly different (Fig. 6), which is similar to the Atshan et al.[[5]] result. George et al.[[20]] have found that those isolates lacking clfA has lower have found that those isolates lacking clfA has lower ability in binding to fibrinogen. Moreover, specific clonal complexes of S. aureus may contain different prevalence profiles of MSCRAMMs[[22]]. Biofilm formation is influenced by a variety of conditions and regulatory factors. In this study, isolates collected from different clinical samples had no significant difference regarding the presence of these genes. However, the differences in the results of various studies may be influenced by the epidemiological factors, genetic background of isolates, origins of transmission and other factors. Pozzi et al.[[23]] reported that biofilm formation in MSSA mainly occurs via PIA synthesis while in MRSA, it is more related to the fnbB adhesion.

In this study, the prevalence of fnbA and fnbB genes was higher in MRSA. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the biofilm production may be independent of the agr specific groups. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies to detect the relationship between agr function and the ability in ica biofilm formation in clinical isolates of S. aureus.

In conclusion, this study reports that there is no relation between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of S. aureus and also there is no correlation in the distribution of MSCRAMMs and biofilm genes with biofilm formation in vitro.