Cochlear implants: indications in groups of patients with borderline indications. A review.

Cochlear implants (CI) represent the current treatment for patients affected by profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Initially only deaf adult patients were considered to be candidates for a CI; however, the development of technology and matured experience have expanded the indications for cochlear implantation. Today, CIs are implanted in adults and children and broader indications are followed. There are, however, a number of patients who do not completely fulfill the current indications and who are potential candidates for CI. The duration of deafness and residual hearing represent prognostic indicators for CI performance; however, the candidacy of children with residual hearing and prelingually deafened adults are still under debate. Anatomical variants such as cochlear ossification, cochlear malformation and chronic otitis media represented and still represent for some surgeons a contraindication to CI. The otological experience of CI surgeons and the advent of auditory brainstem implants have changed the approach to these patients, who may still benefit from hearing rehabilitation. This paper briefly analyses and reviews the results obtained in these groups of patients, who were not, at least initially, considered to be candidates for cochlear implantation.