Caitlin C Ploch1, Chris S S A Mansi2, Jayaratnam Jayamohan3, Ellen Kuhl4. 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. 2. Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital London, London, United Kingdom. 3. Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom. 4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. Electronic address: ekuhl@stanford.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D) printing holds promise for a wide variety of biomedical applications, from surgical planning, practicing, and teaching to creating implantable devices. The growth of this cheap and easy additive manufacturing technology in orthopedic, plastic, and vascular surgery has been explosive; however, its potential in the field of neurosurgery remains underexplored. A major limitation is that current technologies are unable to directly print ultrasoft materials like human brain tissue. OBJECTIVE: In this technical note, the authors present a new technology to create deformable, personalized models of the human brain. METHODS: The method combines 3D printing, molding, and casting to create a physiologically, anatomically, and tactilely realistic model based on magnetic resonance images. Created from soft gelatin, the model is easy to produce, cost-efficient, durable, and orders of magnitude softer than conventionally printed 3D models. The personalized brain model cost $50, and its fabrication took 24 hours. RESULTS: In mechanical tests, the model stiffness (E = 25.29 ± 2.68 kPa) was 5 orders of magnitude softer than common 3D printed materials, and less than an order of magnitude stiffer than mammalian brain tissue (E = 2.64 ± 0.40 kPa). In a multicenter surgical survey, model size (100.00%), visual appearance (83.33%), and surgical anatomy (81.25%) were perceived as very realistic. The model was perceived as very useful for patient illustration (85.00%), teaching (94.44%), learning (100.00%), surgical training (95.00%), and preoperative planning (95.00%). CONCLUSIONS: With minor refinements, personalized, deformable brain models created via 3D printing will improve surgical training and preoperative planning with the ultimate goal to provide accurate, customized, high-precision treatment.
BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D) printing holds promise for a wide variety of biomedical applications, from surgical planning, practicing, and teaching to creating implantable devices. The growth of this cheap and easy additive manufacturing technology in orthopedic, plastic, and vascular surgery has been explosive; however, its potential in the field of neurosurgery remains underexplored. A major limitation is that current technologies are unable to directly print ultrasoft materials like human brain tissue. OBJECTIVE: In this technical note, the authors present a new technology to create deformable, personalized models of the human brain. METHODS: The method combines 3D printing, molding, and casting to create a physiologically, anatomically, and tactilely realistic model based on magnetic resonance images. Created from soft gelatin, the model is easy to produce, cost-efficient, durable, and orders of magnitude softer than conventionally printed 3D models. The personalized brain model cost $50, and its fabrication took 24 hours. RESULTS: In mechanical tests, the model stiffness (E = 25.29 ± 2.68 kPa) was 5 orders of magnitude softer than common 3D printed materials, and less than an order of magnitude stiffer than mammalian brain tissue (E = 2.64 ± 0.40 kPa). In a multicenter surgical survey, model size (100.00%), visual appearance (83.33%), and surgical anatomy (81.25%) were perceived as very realistic. The model was perceived as very useful for patient illustration (85.00%), teaching (94.44%), learning (100.00%), surgical training (95.00%), and preoperative planning (95.00%). CONCLUSIONS: With minor refinements, personalized, deformable brain models created via 3D printing will improve surgical training and preoperative planning with the ultimate goal to provide accurate, customized, high-precision treatment.
Authors: Gordon M Paul; Amin Rezaienia; Pihua Wen; Sridhar Condoor; Nadeem Parkar; Wilson King; Theodosios Korakianitis Journal: Mo Med Date: 2018 Jan-Feb