Marco Solmi1, Leonardo Zaninotto2, Tommaso Toffanin3, Nicola Veronese4, Kangguang Lin5, Brendon Stubbs6, Michele Fornaro7, Christoph U Correll8. 1. Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Mental Health Department, Local Health Unit ULSS 17, Monselice, Padova, Italy. Electronic address: marco.solmi83@gmail.com. 2. Department of Biomedical and Neuro-Motor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 3. Local Health Unit ULSS 7, Conegliano, Italy. 4. Department of Medicine - DIMED, Geriatrics Section, University of Padova, Italy. 5. Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 6. Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Box SE5 8 AF London, United Kingdom. 7. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, NY, USA. 8. The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Hofsra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hampstead, NY, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Temperament Evaluation Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS) is validated to assess temperament in clinical and non-clinical samples. Scores vary across bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), borderline personality disorder (BPD) and healthy controls (HCs), but a meta-analysis is missing. METHODS: Meta-analysis of studies comparing TEMPS scores in patients with mood disorders or their first-degree relatives to each other, or to a psychiatric control group or HCs. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were meta-analyzed with patients with BD (n= 2025), MDD (n=1283), ADHD (n=56) and BPD (n=43), relatives of BD (n=436), and HCs (n=1757). Cyclothymic (p<0.001) and irritable TEMPS scores (p<0.001) were higher in BD than MDD (studies=12), and in MDD vs HCs (studies=8). Cyclothymic (p<0.001), irritable (p<0.001) and anxious (p=0.03) scores were higher in BD than their relatives, who, had higher scores than HCs. No significant differences emerged between ADHD and BD (studies=3); CONCLUSION: Affective temperaments are on a continuum, with increasing scores ranging from HCs through MDD to BD regarding cyclothymic and irritable temperament, from MDD through BD to HC regarding hyperthymic temperament, and from HC through BD relatives to BD regarding cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament. Depressive and anxious temperaments did not differ between BD and MDD, being nonetheless the lowest in HCs. BD did not differ from ADHD in any investigated TEMPS domain. LIMITATIONS: Different TEMPS versions, few studies comparing BD with ADHD or BPD, no correlation with other questionnaires.
BACKGROUND: The Temperament Evaluation Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS) is validated to assess temperament in clinical and non-clinical samples. Scores vary across bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), borderline personality disorder (BPD) and healthy controls (HCs), but a meta-analysis is missing. METHODS: Meta-analysis of studies comparing TEMPS scores in patients with mood disorders or their first-degree relatives to each other, or to a psychiatric control group or HCs. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were meta-analyzed with patients with BD (n= 2025), MDD (n=1283), ADHD (n=56) and BPD (n=43), relatives of BD (n=436), and HCs (n=1757). Cyclothymic (p<0.001) and irritable TEMPS scores (p<0.001) were higher in BD than MDD (studies=12), and in MDD vs HCs (studies=8). Cyclothymic (p<0.001), irritable (p<0.001) and anxious (p=0.03) scores were higher in BD than their relatives, who, had higher scores than HCs. No significant differences emerged between ADHD and BD (studies=3); CONCLUSION: Affective temperaments are on a continuum, with increasing scores ranging from HCs through MDD to BD regarding cyclothymic and irritable temperament, from MDD through BD to HC regarding hyperthymic temperament, and from HC through BD relatives to BD regarding cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament. Depressive and anxious temperaments did not differ between BD and MDD, being nonetheless the lowest in HCs. BD did not differ from ADHD in any investigated TEMPS domain. LIMITATIONS: Different TEMPS versions, few studies comparing BD with ADHD or BPD, no correlation with other questionnaires.
Keywords:
Affective temperament; Major depression: bipolar disorder.; TEMPS; Temperament evaluation Memphis Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire 110 item version (TEMPS-A-110)
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