Stefan Teipel1, Michel J Grothe2, Juan Zhou3, Jorge Sepulcre4, Martin Dyrba2, Christian Sorg5, Claudio Babiloni6. 1. 1Department of Psychosomatic Medicine,University of Rostock,Rostock,Germany. 2. 2DZNE,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases,Rostock,Germany. 3. 3Center for Cognitive Neuroscience,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School,Singapore. 4. 4Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging,Massachusetts General Hospital,Harvard Medical School,Boston,Massachusetts. 5. 5Department of Psychiatry and Neuroradiology,TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center,Technische Universität München,Munich,Germany. 6. 6Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer",University of Rome "La Sapienza",Rome,Italy;IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome,Italy.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The objective was to review the literature on diffusion tensor imaging as well as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography (EEG) to unveil neuroanatomical and neurophysiological substrates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a brain neural network pathology affecting structural and functional cortical connectivity underlying human cognition. METHODS: We reviewed papers registered in PubMed and other scientific repositories on the use of these techniques in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and clinically mild AD dementia patients compared to cognitively intact elderly individuals (Controls). RESULTS: Hundreds of peer-reviewed (cross-sectional and longitudinal) papers have shown in patients with MCI and mild AD compared to Controls (1) impairment of callosal (splenium), thalamic, and anterior-posterior white matter bundles; (2) reduced correlation of resting state blood oxygen level-dependent activity across several intrinsic brain circuits including default mode and attention-related networks; and (3) abnormal power and functional coupling of resting state cortical EEG rhythms. Clinical applications of these measures are still limited. CONCLUSIONS: Structural and functional (in vivo) cortical connectivity measures represent a reliable marker of cerebral reserve capacity and should be used to predict and monitor the evolution of AD and its relative impact on cognitive domains in pre-clinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of AD.
OBJECTIVES: The objective was to review the literature on diffusion tensor imaging as well as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography (EEG) to unveil neuroanatomical and neurophysiological substrates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a brain neural network pathology affecting structural and functional cortical connectivity underlying human cognition. METHODS: We reviewed papers registered in PubMed and other scientific repositories on the use of these techniques in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and clinically mild AD dementiapatients compared to cognitively intact elderly individuals (Controls). RESULTS: Hundreds of peer-reviewed (cross-sectional and longitudinal) papers have shown in patients with MCI and mild AD compared to Controls (1) impairment of callosal (splenium), thalamic, and anterior-posterior white matter bundles; (2) reduced correlation of resting state blood oxygen level-dependent activity across several intrinsic brain circuits including default mode and attention-related networks; and (3) abnormal power and functional coupling of resting state cortical EEG rhythms. Clinical applications of these measures are still limited. CONCLUSIONS: Structural and functional (in vivo) cortical connectivity measures represent a reliable marker of cerebral reserve capacity and should be used to predict and monitor the evolution of AD and its relative impact on cognitive domains in pre-clinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of AD.
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