| Literature DB >> 26866500 |
Barbara Illowsky Karp1, Katharine Alter2.
Abstract
Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia characterized by involuntary, repetitive eye closure. Orofacial and oromandibular dystonia describe involuntary dystonic movements of orofacial and oromandibular musculature. Hemifacial spasm is characterized by repetitive synchronous contraction of facial nerve innervated muscles on one side of the face. In this article, the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and approaches to treatment are reviewed. Technical aspects of using botulinum toxin for treatment and reported outcomes are discussed. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.Entities:
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Year: 2016 PMID: 26866500 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1571952
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Semin Neurol ISSN: 0271-8235 Impact factor: 3.420