Xi Zhang1, Liana C Del Gobbo2, Adela Hruby3, Andrea Rosanoff4, Ka He5, Qi Dai6, Rebecca B Costello4, Wen Zhang7, Yiqing Song8. 1. Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; 2. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; 3. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; 4. Center for Magnesium Education and Research, Pahoa, HI; 5. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN; 6. Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, Nashville, TN; and. 7. Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan. 8. Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; yiqsong@iu.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate determination of Mg status is important for improving nutritional assessment and clinical risk stratification. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the overall responsiveness of Mg biomarkers to oral Mg supplementation among adults without severe diseases and their dose- and time responses using available data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: We identified 48 Mg supplementation trials (n = 2131) through searches of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library up to November 2014. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate weighted mean differences of biomarker concentrations between intervention and placebo groups. Restricted cubic splines were used to determine the dose- and time responses of Mg biomarkers to supplementation. RESULTS: Among the 35 biomarkers assessed, serum, plasma, and urine Mg were most commonly measured. Elemental Mg supplementation doses ranged from 197 to 994 mg/d. Trials ranged from 3 wk to 5 y (median: 12 wk). Mg supplementation significantly elevated circulating Mg by 0.04 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.02, 0.06) and 24-h urine Mg excretion by 1.52 mmol/24 h (95% CI: 1.20, 1.83) as compared to placebo. Circulating Mg concentrations and 24-h urine Mg excretion responded to Mg supplementation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, gradually reaching a steady state at doses of 300 mg/d and 400 mg/d, or after ~20 wk and 40 wk, respectively (all P-nonlinearity ≤ 0.001). The higher the circulating Mg concentration at baseline, the lower the responsiveness of circulating Mg to supplementation, and the higher the urinary excretion (all P-linearity < 0.05). In addition, RBC Mg, fecal Mg, and urine calcium were significantly more elevated by Mg supplementation than by placebo (all P-values < 0.05), but there is insufficient evidence to determine their responses to increasing Mg doses. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrated significant dose- and time responses of circulating Mg concentration and 24-h urine Mg excretion to oral Mg supplementation.
BACKGROUND: Accurate determination of Mg status is important for improving nutritional assessment and clinical risk stratification. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the overall responsiveness of Mg biomarkers to oral Mg supplementation among adults without severe diseases and their dose- and time responses using available data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: We identified 48 Mg supplementation trials (n = 2131) through searches of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library up to November 2014. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate weighted mean differences of biomarker concentrations between intervention and placebo groups. Restricted cubic splines were used to determine the dose- and time responses of Mg biomarkers to supplementation. RESULTS: Among the 35 biomarkers assessed, serum, plasma, and urine Mg were most commonly measured. Elemental Mg supplementation doses ranged from 197 to 994 mg/d. Trials ranged from 3 wk to 5 y (median: 12 wk). Mg supplementation significantly elevated circulating Mg by 0.04 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.02, 0.06) and 24-h urine Mg excretion by 1.52 mmol/24 h (95% CI: 1.20, 1.83) as compared to placebo. Circulating Mg concentrations and 24-h urine Mg excretion responded to Mg supplementation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, gradually reaching a steady state at doses of 300 mg/d and 400 mg/d, or after ~20 wk and 40 wk, respectively (all P-nonlinearity ≤ 0.001). The higher the circulating Mg concentration at baseline, the lower the responsiveness of circulating Mg to supplementation, and the higher the urinary excretion (all P-linearity < 0.05). In addition, RBC Mg, fecal Mg, and urine calcium were significantly more elevated by Mg supplementation than by placebo (all P-values < 0.05), but there is insufficient evidence to determine their responses to increasing Mg doses. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrated significant dose- and time responses of circulating Mg concentration and 24-h urine Mg excretion to oral Mg supplementation.
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