Coronary Sinus Orifice Atresia Associated with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: A Case Report with Literature Review.

Coronary sinus (CS) orifice atresia is a rare malformation, usually associated with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC). The preoperative diagnosis is very challenging. The only clue for diagnosis is the reverse direction of flow through PLSVC. We present the case of a 69-year-old woman with CS orifice atresia and PLSVC. Then, we retrospectively study 99 cases of this malformation, including ours. This malformation is usually associated with the "enlarged" CS (>12 mm) and "small" PLSVC (≤5 mm), with the incidence of 81 and 87%, respectively, from the literature review.