The safety of treatments for prolactinomas.

INTRODUCTION: Prolactinomas are the most common hormone-secreting pituitary tumors, accounting for approximately 40% of all pituitary tumors. Infertility, gonadal and sexual dysfunction are usually the most relevant clinical features in both sexes. AREA COVERED: This review focuses on safety and tolerability of therapeutic approaches for prolactinomas. Complications from trans-sphenoidal surgery vary depending on tumor size, and mortality rate ranges 0.6%-31% for patients with microprolactinomas and macroprolactinoms, respectively. More than 50% of patients receiving pituitary radiotherapy will develop at least one hormone deficiency within the following decade, whereas cerebrovascular accidents, second brain tumors and optic neuropathy rarely occur. Nowadays, treatment of prolactinomas is based on dopamine-agonists (DA), mainly cabergoline (CAB). Whether CAB is associated with an increased risk of clinically relevant cardiac valvulopathy in patients with prolactinomas as in those with Parkinson's disease (PD), is still debated. In most studies, CAB has been found not to be associated with an increased risk of significant valvulopathy in prolactinomas, and no correlation has been shown between valvular abnormalities and CAB duration or cumulative dose. EXPERT OPINION: DA are safe and well tolerated, and the main safety concerns are related to the potential risk of clinically relevant valvulopathy following treatment with CAB, rarely occurring in patients with prolactinomas.