Christophe Faisy1, Ferhat Meziani2, Benjamin Planquette3, Marc Clavel4, Arnaud Gacouin5, Caroline Bornstain6, Francis Schneider7, Alexandre Duguet8, Sébastien Gibot9, Nicolas Lerolle10, Jean-Damien Ricard11, Olivier Sanchez1, Michel Djibre12, Jean-Louis Ricome13, Antoine Rabbat14, Nicholas Heming1, Saïk Urien14, Maxime Esvan1, Sandrine Katsahian1. 1. European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. 2. Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg and EA 7293, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France. 3. André Mignot Hospital, Medico-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Le Chesnay, France. 4. Limoges University Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Limoges, France. 5. Rennes University Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Rennes, France. 6. Le Raincy-Montfermeil Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Montfermeil, France. 7. Hautepierre Hospital, Strasbourg, Medical Intensive Care Unit, France. 8. Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Paris, France. 9. Nancy University Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Nancy, France. 10. Angers University Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Angers, France. 11. Louis-Mourier Hospital, Medico-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Colombes, France. 12. Tenon Hospital, Medico-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Paris, France. 13. Poissy-Saint Germain Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Poissy, France. 14. Cochin Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Paris, France.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Acetazolamide has been used for decades as a respiratory stimulant for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and metabolic alkalosis, but no large randomized placebo-controlled trial is available to confirm this approach. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether acetazolamide reduces mechanical ventilation duration in critically ill patients with COPD and metabolic alkalosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The DIABOLO study, a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial, was conducted from October 2011 through July 2014 in 15 intensive care units (ICUs) in France. A total of 382 patients with COPD who were expected to receivemechanical ventilation for more 24 hours were randomized to the acetazolamide or placebo group and 380 were included in an intention-to treat analysis. INTERVENTIONS:Acetazolamide (500-1000 mg, twice daily) vs placebo administered intravenously in cases of pure or mixed metabolic alkalosis, initiated within 48 hours of ICU admission and continued during the ICU stay for a maximum of 28 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation via endotracheal intubation or tracheotomy. Secondary outcomes included changes in arterial blood gas and respiratory parameters, weaning duration, adverse events, use of noninvasive ventilation after extubation, successful weaning, the duration of ICU stay, and in-ICU mortality. RESULTS: Among 382 randomized patients, 380 (mean age, 69 years; 272 men [71.6%]; 379 [99.7%] with endotracheal intubation) completed the study. For the acetazolamide group (n = 187), compared with the placebo group (n = 193), no significant between-group differences were found for median duration of mechanical ventilation (-16.0 hours; 95% CI, -36.5 to 4.0 hours; P = .17), duration of weaning off mechanical ventilation (-0.9 hours; 95% CI, -4.3 to 1.3 hours; P = .36), daily changes of minute-ventilation (-0.0 L/min; 95% CI, -0.2 to 0.2 L/min; P = .72), or partial carbon-dioxide pressure in arterial blood (-0.3 mm Hg; 95% CI, -0.8 to 0.2 mm Hg; P = .25), although daily changes of serum bicarbonate (between-group difference, -0.8 mEq/L; 95% CI, -1.2 to -0.5 mEq/L; P < .001) and number of days with metabolic alkalosis (between-group difference, -1; 95% CI, -2 to -1 days; P < .001) decreased significantly more in the acetazolamide group. Other secondary outcomes also did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with COPD receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, the use of acetazolamide, compared with placebo, did not result in a statistically significant reduction in the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation. However, the magnitude of the difference was clinically important, and it is possible that the study was underpowered to establish statistical significance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01627639.
RCT Entities:
IMPORTANCE: Acetazolamide has been used for decades as a respiratory stimulant for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and metabolic alkalosis, but no large randomized placebo-controlled trial is available to confirm this approach. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether acetazolamide reduces mechanical ventilation duration in critically illpatients with COPD and metabolic alkalosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The DIABOLO study, a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial, was conducted from October 2011 through July 2014 in 15 intensive care units (ICUs) in France. A total of 382 patients with COPD who were expected to receive mechanical ventilation for more 24 hours were randomized to the acetazolamide or placebo group and 380 were included in an intention-to treat analysis. INTERVENTIONS:Acetazolamide (500-1000 mg, twice daily) vs placebo administered intravenously in cases of pure or mixed metabolic alkalosis, initiated within 48 hours of ICU admission and continued during the ICU stay for a maximum of 28 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation via endotracheal intubation or tracheotomy. Secondary outcomes included changes in arterial blood gas and respiratory parameters, weaning duration, adverse events, use of noninvasive ventilation after extubation, successful weaning, the duration of ICU stay, and in-ICU mortality. RESULTS: Among 382 randomized patients, 380 (mean age, 69 years; 272 men [71.6%]; 379 [99.7%] with endotracheal intubation) completed the study. For the acetazolamide group (n = 187), compared with the placebo group (n = 193), no significant between-group differences were found for median duration of mechanical ventilation (-16.0 hours; 95% CI, -36.5 to 4.0 hours; P = .17), duration of weaning off mechanical ventilation (-0.9 hours; 95% CI, -4.3 to 1.3 hours; P = .36), daily changes of minute-ventilation (-0.0 L/min; 95% CI, -0.2 to 0.2 L/min; P = .72), or partial carbon-dioxide pressure in arterial blood (-0.3 mm Hg; 95% CI, -0.8 to 0.2 mm Hg; P = .25), although daily changes of serum bicarbonate (between-group difference, -0.8 mEq/L; 95% CI, -1.2 to -0.5 mEq/L; P < .001) and number of days with metabolic alkalosis (between-group difference, -1; 95% CI, -2 to -1 days; P < .001) decreased significantly more in the acetazolamide group. Other secondary outcomes also did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with COPD receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, the use of acetazolamide, compared with placebo, did not result in a statistically significant reduction in the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation. However, the magnitude of the difference was clinically important, and it is possible that the study was underpowered to establish statistical significance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01627639.
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